Talmud for Rosh Hashanah 46:11
<big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> כיצד בודקין את העדים זוג שבא ראשון בודקין אותו ראשון ומכניסין את הגדול שבהן ואומרין לו אמור כיצד ראית את הלבנה לפני החמה או לאחר החמה לצפונה או לדרומה כמה היה גבוה ולאין היה נוטה וכמה היה רחב אם אמר לפני החמה לא אמר כלום
<big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>HOW DO THEY TEST THE WITNESSES? THE PAIR WHO ARRIVE FIRST ARE TESTED FIRST. THE SENIOR OF THEM IS BROUGHT IN AND THEY SAY TO HIM, TELL US HOW YOU SAW THE MOON - IN FRONT OF THE SUN OR BEHIND THE SUN?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The meaning of this is discussed in the GEMARA:');"><sup>21</sup></span>
Jerusalem Talmud Rosh Hashanah
HALAKHAH: Rebbi Joḥanan said, even the most error-prone person would not err in this matter, before the sun, after the sun75Whether the moon was seen closer to the earth than the sun or farther away.? It only is needed for its concavity; the concavity towards the sun, or the concavity away from the sun74As explained in the Halakhah, this refers to the concavity of the visible moon, which must point away from the sun.? Bar Qappara stated both: Before the sun or behind the sun, the concavity towards the sun or the concavity away from the sun? Rebbi Joḥanan said, it is written76Job 25:2. Babli 23b. Deut. rabba 5(12).: Rule and fear are with Him, Who makes peace in His heights. During the existence of the sun it never saw the defect of the moon.
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