Bava Batra 198

משום חשד אשתו:

In order [to avert] suspicion from his wife.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By his affixing a lock to the cistern he prevents the other from using the water in his absence and, consequently, deprives him of the excuse of entering his house while his wife is alone. ');">¹</span> <b><i>MISHNAH</i></b>. HE WHO HAS A GARDEN WITHIN THE GARDEN OF AN OTHER MAN ENTERS WHEN IT IS USUAL FOR PEOPLE TO ENTER AND GOES OUT WHEN IT IS USUAL FOR PEOPLE TO GO OUT. HE MUST NOT BRING [ANY] DEALERS INTO IT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The produce of the garden must be carried out to the dealers so that they cause no damage to the outer garden by passing through it. ');">²</span>

<big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> מי שיש לו גינה לפנים מגינתו של חברו נכנס בשעה שדרך בני אדם נכנסים ויוצא בשעה שדרך בני אדם יוצאין ואינו מכניס לתוכה תגרין ולא יכנס מתוכה לתוך שדה אחרת והחיצון זורע את הדרך

HE MUST NOT ENTER [IT FOR THE MERE PURPOSE OF PASSING] FROM IT INTO ANOTHER FIELD. THE EXTERNAL [FIELD OWNER MAY] SOW THE PATHWAY.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Though he must allow the owner of the inner field the right of passage, the ground remains his own, and he may, therefore, use it for sowing. ');">³</span> IF A SIDE PASSAGE WAS GIVEN<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By a court of law. ');">⁴</span>

נתנו לו דרך מן הצד מדעת שניהן נכנס בשעה שהוא רוצה ויוצא בשעה שרוצה ומכניס לתוכה תגרין ולא יכנס מתוכה לתוך שדה אחרת זה וזה אינן רשאים לזורעה:

HIM<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The owner of the inner field. ');">⁵</span> WITH THE CONSENT OF THE TWO, HE MAY ENTER WHENEVER HE DESIRES AND GO OUT WHENEVER HE DESIRES, AND MAY [ALSO] BRING DEALERS INTO IT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since the path is not in the middle, but at the side of the field, it may be confidently assumed that the owner, who had consented to have the path there, has set it aside to be used solely as a path to the inner field. No restrictions, therefore, are imposed on any of its uses so long as their object is the gaining of admission to the inner field. ');">⁶</span>

<big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> א"ר יהודה אמר שמואל אמה בית השלחין אני מוכר לך נותן לו ב' אמות לתוכה ואמה מכאן ואמה מכאן לאגפיה אמה בית הקילון אני מוכר לך נותן לו אמה אחת לתוכה וחצי אמה מכאן וחצי אמה מכאן לאגפיה

HE MUST NOT, [HOWEVER,] ENTER [IT FOR THE MERE PURPOSE OF PASSING] FROM IT INTO ANOTHER FIELD. NEITHER THE ONE NOR THE OTHER MAY SOW IT<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. last clause of preceding note. ');">⁷</span> <b><i>GEMARA</i></b>. Rab Judah said in the name of Samuel: [If one says to another]. 'I sell you [land for] an irrigation [canal of the width of one] cubit', he must, [in addition to the width of the canal]. allow him two cubits [of land] in [the field] itself,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' According to another reading, two cubits width of land must also be allowed for the canal itself, though its nominal capacity is one cubit. ');">⁸</span>

ואותן אגפיים מי זורעם רב יהודה אמר שמואל בעל השדה זורעם רב נחמן אמר שמואל בעל השדה נוטעם מאן דאמר זורעם כל שכן נוטעם ומ"ד נוטעם אבל זורעם לא חלחולי מחלחולי

one cubit on either side [of the canal] for its banks.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that the earth from the two strips of land might be used for repairing the sides of the canal whenever necessary. ');">⁹</span> [If he said.] 'I sell you [ground] for a pond<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In a courtyard, used for watering cattle and washing clothes and utensils. It is smaller than a canal which is used for irrigation purposes and requires a greater capacity. ');">¹⁰</span>

ואמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל אמת המים שכלו אגפיה מתקנה מאותה שדה בידוע שלא כלו אגפיה אלא באותה שדה

[of the width of one] cubit', he must, [in addition to the pond], allow him one cubit [of ground] in [the courtyard] itself,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V, supra n. 3. ');">¹¹</span> half a cubit on either side [of the pond] for its banks.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V, supra n. 3. ');">¹¹</span>

תקיף לה רב פפא ולימא ליה מייך אשפלוה לארעיך אלא אמר רב פפא שעל מנת כן קבל עליו בעל השדה:

Who [has the right of] sowing these banks? — Rab Judah said in the name of Samuel: The owner of the field [is entitled] to sow them. R. Nahman said in the name of Samuel: The owner of the field [is entitled to] plant them. He who said, 'sow them', [agrees]. even more so, [that] he may plant them;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Plants do not damage the sides of the canal, their roots going deep down into the ground. ');">¹²</span> but he who said, 'plant them', [holds the opinion that] he must not, however, sow them, [because] they penetrate<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And the consequent falling of earth causes damage to the structure or spoils the water. ');">¹³</span>

<big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> מי שהיתה דרך הרבים עוברת לתוך שדהו נטלה ונתן להם מן הצד מה שנתן נתן ושלו לא הגיעו

[into the canal].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which belongs to one party while the field, through which it runs, belongs to another. ');">¹⁴</span> Rab Judah further stated in the name of Samuel: A water canal<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which belongs to one party while the field, through which it runs, belongs to another. ');">¹⁴</span>

דרך היחיד ד' אמות דרך הרבים שש עשרה אמה דרך המלך אין לה שיעור דרך הקבר אין לה שיעור המעמד דייני צפורי אמרו בית ארבעה קבין:

whose banks have been worn away, may be repaired [with the earth] of that field [through which it runs], for it is known that the banks could not have been washed away except into that very field.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Hence, the earth for reconstruction also may be taken from that field. ');">¹⁵</span> R. Papa demurred: Let the field owner say, [to the owner of the canal]. 'Your water has lowered your ground'!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The water may have carried away the earth of the banks else where. Why should the field owner be expected to supply earth for repair from his field? ');">¹⁶</span>

<big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> אמאי שלו לא הגיעו לינקוט פזרא וליתיב שמעת מינה לא עביד איניש דינא לנפשיה אפי' במקום פסידא

— But, said R. Papa. [the reason why earth may be taken from the adjacent field is] because the owner of the field has consented<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When he sold the canal. ');">¹⁷</span> to this condition.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That earth for repair shall be supplied from his field. ');">¹⁸</span>

אמר רב זביד משמיה דרבא גזירה שמא יתן להן דרך עקלתון רב משרשיא משמיה דרבא אמר בנותן להם דרך עקלתון

<b><i>MISHNAH</i></b>. HE WHOSE FIELD IS TRAVERSED BY A PUBLIC PATH AND HE CLOSED IT, SUBSTITUTING [ANOTHER PATH] AT THE SIDE, FORFEITS THAT WHICH HE HAS GIVEN<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the new path becomes public property. ');">¹⁹</span> AND [THAT WHICH HE APPROPRIATED AS] HIS DOES NOT PASS INTO HIS POSSESSION.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And the public may henceforth claim two paths through the field. ');">²⁰</span> A PRIVATE PATH [HAS A WIDTH OF] FOUR CUBITS.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If a 'private path' has been sold in one's field, a width of four cubits must be allowed for the path. ');">²¹</span> A PUBLIC ROAD [HAS A WIDTH OF] SIXTEEN CUBITS. THE KING'S HIGHWAY HAS NO LIMIT[S]. THE PATH OF A FUNERAL CORTEGE<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'the grave'. ');">²²</span> HAS NO LIMIT[S].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Those following the bier may tread even upon cornfields if their number is so large that the public highway does not suffice. Cf, also n. 5. ');">²³</span> THE HALTING [PLACE]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The place where, on returning from burial, the funeral escort halts to offer, with due ceremonial, consolation to the mourners. V, infra 100b. ');">²⁴</span> HAD, SAID THE JUDGES OF SEPPHORIS, AN AREA OF FOUR <i>KAB</i>.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., 50 cubits by 33 1/3, an area sufficient for sowing four kab of seed. ');">²⁵</span> <b><i>GEMARA</i></b>. Why should not [THAT PATH, WHICH HE APPROPRIATED AS] HIS, PASS INTO HIS POSSESSION?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Surely the path is in his own field and, since he has also substituted another for public use, the public loses nothing. ');">²⁶</span> Let him<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If he cannot prosecute all trespassers. ');">²⁷</span> take a whip and sit down [to guard his path]! Does this, then, imply that a man may not take the law in his own hands even where a loss is involved?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Surely it has been taught elsewhere that in such a case a man, in self protection, may take the law into his own hands. ');">²⁸</span> — R. Zebid replied in the name of Raba: It is a decree [that he is not allowed to substitute another path for the one already used by the public] lest he assign to them a crooked path.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Hence the law was enacted that even if one substituted a straight path, no possession could be gained of the old path. ');">²⁹</span> R. Mesharsheya said in the name of Raba: [Our Mishnah deals only with the case where] he gives them a crooked path.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If, however, he gives the public a straight path, he may take possession of the old one, and use force against any trespassers. ');">³⁰</span>