Bava Kamma 167

קטן שהרג את הגדול וגדול שהרג את הקטן היכי קטלינן ליה התורה אמרה (ויקרא כד, כב) משפט אחד יהיה לכם משפט השוה לכולכם אלא נשמה שקיל מיניה נשמה אמר רחמנא נשקול מיניה ה"נ נהורא שקיל מיניה נהורא אמר רחמנא נשקול מיניה:

how could capital punishment be applied in the case of a dwarf killing a giant or a giant killing a dwarf,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Where the bodies of the murderer and the murdered are not alike. ');">¹</span>

תניא אידך רבי שמעון בן יוחי אומר עין תחת עין ממון אתה אומר ממון או אינו אלא עין ממש הרי שהיה סומא וסימא קיטע וקיטע חיגר וחיגר היאך אני מקיים בזה עין תחת עין והתורה אמרה משפט אחד יהיה לכם משפט השוה לכולכם

seeing that the Torah says, Ye shall have one manner of law, implying that the manner of law should be the same in all cases, unless you say that for a life taken away the Divine Law ordered the life of the murderer to be taken away?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Without considering the weights and sizes of the respective bodies. ');">²</span>

אמרי ומאי קושיא דלמא היכא דאפשר אפשר היכא דלא אפשר לא אפשר ופטרינן ליה דאי לא תימא הכי טרפה שהרג את השלם מאי עבדינן ליה

Why then not similarly say here too that for eyesight taken away the Divine Law ordered eyesight to be taken away from the offender?

אלא היכא דאפשר אפשר היכא דלא אפשר לא אפשר ופטרינן ליה

Another [Baraitha] taught: R. Simon b. Yohai says: <i>'Eye for eye</i>' means pecuniary compensation. You say pecuniary compensation, but perhaps it is not so, but actual retaliation [by putting out an eye] is meant? What then will you say where a blind man put out the eye of another man, or where a cripple cut off the hand of another, or where a lame person broke the leg of another? How can I carry out in this case [the principle of retaliation of] <i>'eye for eye'</i>, seeing that the Torah says, Ye shall have one manner of law, implying that the manner of law should be the same in all cases? I might rejoin: What is the difficulty even in this case? Why not perhaps say that it is only where it is possible [to carry out the principle of retaliation that] it is to be carried out, whereas where it is impossible, it is impossible, and the offender will have to be released altogether? For if you will not say this, what could be done in the case of a person afflicted with a fatal organic disease killing a healthy person?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In which case the murderer could not be convicted by the testimony of witnesses; v. Sanh. 78a. ');">³</span>

דבי רבי ישמעאל תנא אמר קרא (ויקרא כד, כ) כן ינתן בו ואין נתינה אלא ממון אלא מעתה (ויקרא כד, כ) כאשר יתן מום באדם הכי נמי דממון הוא

You must therefore admit that it is only where it is possible [to resort to the law of retaliation] that it is resorted to, whereas where it is impossible, it is impossible, and the offender will have to be released.

אמרי דבי רבי ישמעאל קרא יתירא דרשי מכדי כתיב (ויקרא כד, יט) ואיש כי יתן מום בעמיתו כאשר עשה כן יעשה לו כן ינתן בו למה לי ש"מ ממון כאשר יתן מום באדם למה לי איידי דבעי מיכתב כן ינתן בו כתב נמי כאשר יתן מום באדם

The School of R. Ishmael taught: Scripture says: So shall it be given to him again.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XXIV. 20. ');">⁴</span>

דבי רבי חייא תנא אמר קרא (דברים יט, כא) יד ביד דבר הניתן מיד ליד ומאי ניהו ממון אלא מעתה (דברים יט, כא) רגל ברגל נמי הכי הוא

The word 'giving' can apply only to pecuniary compensation. But if so, would the words, As he hath [given a blow that] caused a blemish,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XXIV. 20. ');">⁴</span>

אמרי דבי רבי חייא קרא יתירא קא דרשי מכדי כתיב (דברים יט, יט) ועשיתם לו כאשר זמם לעשות לאחיו אי סלקא דעתך ממש יד ביד למה לי ש"מ ממון רגל ברגל למה לי איידי דכתיב יד ביד כתב נמי רגל ברגל

similarly refer to money?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which could of course not be maintained. ');">⁵</span>

אביי אומר אתיא מדתני דבי חזקיה דתנא דבי חזקיה (שמות כא, כד) עין תחת עין נפש תחת נפש ולא נפש ועין תחת עין ואי סלקא דעתך ממש זימנין דמשכחת לה עין ונפש תחת עין דבהדי דעויר ליה נפקא ליה נשמתיה

— It may be replied that at the School of R. Ishmael this text was expounded as a superfluous verse; since it has already been written, And if a man maim his neighbour,' as he hath done so shall it be done to him.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 19. ');">⁶</span>

ומאי קושיא דלמא מימד אמדינן ליה אי מצי מקבל עבדינן ואי לא מצי מקבל לא עבדינן ואי אמדינן דמצי' מקבל ועבדינן ביה ונפק רוחיה אי מיית לימות מי לא תנן גבי מלקות אמדוהו ומת תחת ידו פטור

Why after this do we require the words, so shall it be given to him again? It must, therefore refer to pecuniary compensation. [But still,] why the words, as he hath [given a blow that] caused a blemish in a man? Since it was necessary to write, so shall it be given to him again,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To indicate that pecuniary compensation is to be paid. ');">⁷</span>

רב זביד משמיה דרבה אמר אמר קרא (שמות כא, כה) פצע תחת פצע ליתן צער במקום נזק ואי סלקא דעתך ממש כי היכי דלהאי הוי ליה צערא להאי נמי אית ליה צערא

the text also writes, as he hath [given a blow that] caused a blemish in a man.

ומאי קושיא דלמא איכא איניש דמפנק אית ליה צערא טפי ואיכא איניש דלא מפנק לית ליה צערא למאי נפקא מינה למתבי ליה היאך דביני ביני

The School of R. Hiyya taught: Scripture says, Hand in hand,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XIX, 21. (E.V.: Hand for hand, foot for foot.) ');">⁸</span>

רב פפא משמיה דרבא אמר אמר קרא (שמות כא, יט) ורפא ירפא ליתן רפואה במקום נזק ואי סלקא דעתך ממש כי היכי דהאי בעי אסייא האי נמי בעי אסייא

meaning an article which is given from hand to hand, which is of course money. But could you also say the same regarding the [next] words, foot in foot? — It may be replied that at the School of R. Hiyya this text was expounded as a superfluous verse, for it has already been written: <i>Then shall ye do unto him as he had purposed to do unto his brother</i>.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 19. ');">⁹</span>

מאי קושיא דלמא איכא דסליק בשריה הייא ואיכא דלא סליק בשריה הייא למאי נפקא מינה למיתב ליה היאך דביני ביני

If then you assume actual retaliation [for injury], why do I require the words, hand in hand? This shows that it means pecuniary compensation. But still, why the words, foot in foot? — Having written 'hand in hand', the text also wrote 'foot in foot'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XIX, 21. (E.V.: Hand for hand, foot for foot.) ');">⁸</span>

רב אשי אמר אתיא תחת תחת משור כתיב הכא (שמות כא, כד) עין תחת עין וכתיב התם (שמות כא, לו) שלם ישלם שור תחת השור מה להלן ממון אף כאן ממון

Abbaye said: [The principle of pecuniary compensation] could be derived from the teaching of the School of Hezekiah. For the School of Hesekiah taught: <i>Eye for eye, life for life</i>,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXI, 24. ');">¹⁰</span>

מאי חזית דילפת תחת תחת משור נילף תחת תחת מאדם דכתיב (שמות כא, כג) ונתת נפש תחת נפש מה להלן ממש אף כאן ממש

but not 'life and eye for eye'. Now if you assume that actual retaliation is meant, it could sometimes happen that eye and life would be taken for eye, as while the offender is being blinded, his soul might depart from him. But what difficulty is this? perhaps what it means is that we have to form an estimate,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Whether the offender would stand the operation or not. ');">¹¹</span>

אמרי דנין נזקין מנזקין ואין דנין נזקין ממיתה אדרבה דנין אדם מאדם ואין דנין אדם מבהמה

and only if the offender will be able to stand it will retaliation be adopted, but if he will not be able to stand it, retaliation will not be adopted? And if after we estimate that he would be able to stand it and execute retaliation it so happens that his spirit departs from him, [there is nobody to blame,] as if he dies, let him die. For have we not learnt regarding lashes: 'Where according to estimation he<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who is subject to the thirty-nine lashes for having transgressed a negative commandment. ');">¹²</span>

אלא אמר רב אשי (דברים כב, כט) מתחת אשר ענה יליף ליה אדם מאדם ונזיקין מנזיקין

should be able to stand them, but it happened that he died under the hand of the officer of the court, there is exemption [from any blame of manslaughter]'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Mak. III. 14. ');">¹³</span>

תניא ר"א אומר עין תחת עין ממש ממש סלקא דעתך רבי אליעזר לית ליה ככל הני תנאי

R. Zebid said in the name of Raba: Scripture says, Wound for wound.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXI, 25. ');">¹⁴</span>

אמר רבה לומר שאין שמין אותו כעבד א"ל אביי אלא כמאן כבן חורין בן חורין מי אית ליה דמי אלא אמר רב אשי לומר שאין שמין אותו בניזק אלא במזיק:

This means that compensation is to be made for pain even where Depreciation [is separately compensated].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. supra 26b. ');">¹⁵</span>

ההוא חמרא דקטע ידא דינוקא אתא לקמיה דרב פפא בר שמואל אמר להו זילו שומו ליה ארבעה דברים אמר ליה רבא והא אנן חמשה תנן א"ל לבר מנזק קאמינא אמר ליה אביי והא חמור הוא וחמור אינו משלם אלא נזק אמר להו זילו שומו ליה נזקיה והא כעבדא בעי למשיימיה אמר להו זילו שיימוהו כעבדא

Now, if you assume that actual Retaliation is meant, would it not be that just as the plaintiff suffered pain [through the wound], the offender too would suffer pain through the mere act of retaliation?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' How then could there he extra compensation for pain? ');">¹⁶</span>

אמר להו אבוה דינוקא לא בעינא דזילא ביה מילתא אמרו ליה והא קא מחייבת ליה לינוקא אמר להו לכי גדיל מפייסנא ליה מדידי

But what difficulty is this? Why, perhaps, not say that a person who is delicate suffers more pain whereas a person who is not delicate does not suffer [so much] pain, so that the practical result [of the Scriptural inference] would be to pay for the difference [in the pain sustained]!

ההוא תורא דאלס ידיה דינוקא אתא לקמיה דרבא אמר להו זילו שיימוהו כעבדא אמרו ליה והא מר הוא דאמר כל הנישום כעבד אין גובין אותו בבבל אמר להו לא צריכא דאי תפס

R. Papa in the name of Raba said: Scripture says, To heal, shall he heal;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXI, 19. (E.V.: shall cause him to be thoroughly healed.) ');">¹⁷</span>

רבא לטעמיה דאמר רבא נזקי שור בשור ונזקי שור באדם גובין אותו בבבל נזקי אדם באדם ונזקי אדם בשור אין גובין אותו בבבל

this means that compensation is to be made for Healing even where Depreciation [is compensated separately]. Now, if you assume that Retaliation is meant, would it not be that just as the plaintiff needed medical attention, the defendant also would surely need medical attention [through the act of retaliation]? But what difficulty is this? Why perhaps not say that there are people whose flesh heals speedily while there are others whose flesh does not heal speedily, so that the practical result [of the Scriptural inference] would be to require payment for the difference in the medical expenses!

מ"ש נזקי אדם באדם ונזקי אדם בשור דלא אלהים בעינן וליכא נזקי שור בשור ושור באדם נמי

R. Ashi said: [The principle of pecuniary compensation] could be derived from [the analogy of the term] 'for' [occurring in connection with Man] with the term 'for' occurring in connection with Cattle. It is written here, 'Eye for eye,' and it is also written there, he shall surely pay ox for ox.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 36. ');">¹⁸</span> [This indicates that] just as in the latter case it is pecuniary compensation that is meant, so also in the former case it means pecuniary compensation. But what ground have you for comparing the term 'for' with 'for' [mentioned in connection] with cattle, rather than with the 'for' [mentioned in connection] with [the killing of] man, as it is written, thou shalt give life for life,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 23. ');">¹⁹</span> so that, just as in the case of murder it is actual Retaliation, so also here it means actual Retaliation? — It may be answered that it is more logical to infer [the law governing] injury from [the law governing another case of] injury<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 36. ');">¹⁸</span> than to derive [the law of] injury from [the law applicable in the case of] murder.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 23. ');">¹⁹</span> But why not say on the contrary, that it is more logical to derive [the law applying to] Man from [a law which similarly applies to] Man<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 23. ');">¹⁹</span> than to derive [the law applying to] Man from [that applying to] Cattle? — R. Ashi therefore said: It is from the words for he hath humbled her,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut.XXII, 29. ');">²⁰</span> that [the legal implication of 'eye for eye'] could be derived by analogy, as [the law in the case of] Man is thus derived from [a law which is similarly applicable to] Man, and the case of injury from [a similar case of] injury. It was taught: R. Eliezer said: Eye for eye literally refers to the eye [of the offender]. Literally, you say? Could R. Eliezer be against all those Tannaim [enumerated above]?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Proving against Retaliation. ');">²¹</span> — Raba thereupon said: it only means to say that the injured person would not be valued as if he were a slave.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the manner described supra p. 473. ');">²²</span> Said Abaye to him: How else could he be valued? As a freeman? Could the bodily value of a freeman be ascertained by itself? — R. Ashi therefore said: It means to say that the valuation will be made not of [the eye of] the injured person but of [that of] the offender.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As the pecuniary compensation in this case is a substitution for Retaliation. ');">²³</span> An ass once bit off the hand of a child. When the case was brought before R. Papa b. Samuel he said [to the sheriffs of the court], 'Go forth and ascertain the value of the Four items.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Enumerated supra p. 473. ');">²⁴</span> Said Raba to him: Have we not learnt Five [items]? — He replied: I did not include Depreciation. Said Abaye to him: Was not the damage in this case done by an ass, and in the case of an ass [injuring even man] there is no payment except for Depreciation?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. supra 26a. ');">²⁵</span> — He therefore ordered [the sheriffs], 'Go forth and make valuation of the Depreciation.' But has not the injured person to be valued as if he were a slave? — He therefore said to them, 'Go forth and value the child as if it were a slave.' But the father of the child thereupon said, 'I do not want [this method of valuation], as this procedure is degrading.' They, however, said to him, 'What right have you to deprive the child of the payment which would belong to it?'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf, infra 87b. ');">²⁶</span> He replied, 'When it comes of age I will reimburse it out of my own. An ox once chewed the hand of a child. When the case was brought before Raba, he said [to the sheriffs of the court], 'Go forth and value the child as if it were a slave.' They, however, said to him, 'Did not the Master [himself] say that payment for which the injured party would have to be valued as if he were a slave,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., where the damages could otherwise not be ascertained. ');">²⁷</span> cannot be collected in Babylon?'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because the judges there have not been ordained as Mumhe (v. Glos.) who alone were referred to by the Scriptural term Elohim standing for 'judges' as in Ex. XXI, 6 and XXII, 7-8, and who alone were qualified to administer penal justice; cf. Sanh. 2b, 5a, and 14a and supra p. 144. ');">²⁸</span> — He replied, 'My order would surely have no application except in case of the plaintiff becoming possessed of property belonging to the defendant.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. supra p. 67. ');">²⁹</span> Raba thus follows his own principle, for Raba said: Payment for damage done to chattel by Cattle<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'ox'. ');">³⁰</span> or for damage done to chattel by Man can be collected even in Babylon,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As these matters are of a purely civil nature and of frequent occurrence, as brought out by the discussion which follows. ');">³¹</span> whereas payment for injuries done to man by Man or for injuries done to man by Cattle cannot be collected in Babylon. Now, what special reason is there why payment for injuries done to man by Cattle cannot [be collected in Babylon] if not because it is requisite [in these cases that the judges be termed] <i>Elohim</i>,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As in Ex. XXI, 6 and XXII, 7-8. ');">³²</span> [a designation] which is lacking [in Babylon]? Why then should the same not be also regarding payment for [damage done] to chattel by Cattle or to chattel by Man, where there is similarly