Bava Metzia 101
תגרי לוד לא שכיח דטעו
ameliorated [the position of] the vendee, so did they likewise that of the vendor! — The merchants of Lydda very seldom erred.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Therefore the longer period within which they might recover the fraud was of little benefit to them, whilst on the other hand the longer period given to the vendee was definitely to their disadvantage. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
אושפזיכניה דרמי בר חמא זבין חמרא וטעה אשכחיה דהוה עציב א"ל אמאי עציבת א"ל זביני חמרא וטעאי א"ל זיל הדר בך אמר ליה הא שהאי לי יותר מכדי שאראה לתגר או לקרובי שדריה לקמיה דרב נחמן א"ל לא שנו אלא לוקח אבל מוכר לעולם חוזר
Rami b. Hama's host<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The word means 'innkeeper'. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
מאי טעמא לוקח מקחו בידו כל היכא דאזיל מחוי ליה ואמרי ליה אי טעה אי לא טעה מוכר דלא נקט מקחיה בידיה עד דמיתרמי ליה זבינתא כזבינתיה וידע אי טעה ואי לא טעה
sold some wine,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H], the word may also mean 'ass'. ');"><sup>5</sup></span>
ההוא גברא דהוה נקט ורשכי לזבוני קרי שיתא ושויא חמשא ואי הוו יהבי ליה חמשא ופלגא הוה שקיל אתא ההוא גברא ואמר אי יהיבנא ליה חמשא ופלגא הויא מחילה אתן ליה שיתא ואתבעיה לדינא אתא לקמיה דרבא א"ל לא שנו אלא בלוקח מן התגר אבל בלוקח מבעל הבית אין לו עליו אונאה
and erred. Finding him depressed, he [Rami] asked him, 'Why are you sad?' 'I sold wine,' he replied, 'and erred.' 'Then go and retract,' he counselled. 'But I have tarried more time than is necessary to shew it to a dealer or a relative,' said he. Thereupon he sent him to R. Nahman, who said to him: This was taught only of the vendee; but the vendor can always retract. Why? The vendee has the purchase in his hand; wherever he goes he shews it and is told whether he erred or not. But the vendor, who has not the purchase in his hand, [must wait] until he comes across an article like his, and only then can he know whether he erred or not.
ההוא גברא דהוה נקיט כיפי לזבוני קרי שתין ושוי חמשין ואי הוו יהבי ליה חמשין וחמשא הוה שקיל אתא ההוא גברא ואמר אי יהיבנא ליה חמשין וחמשא הויא מחילה אתן ליה שיתין ואתבעיה לדינא אתא לקמיה דרב חסדא א"ל לא שנו אלא בלוקח מן התגר אבל בלוקח מן בעל הבית אין לו עליו אונאה
A man had silk skeins<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Others: 'beads', 'frontlets'. [Krauss T.A. I, 174. 'girdles'.] ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
א"ל רב דימי ישר וכן אמר רבי אלעזר ישר והא אנן תנן כשם שאונאה להדיוט כך אונאה לתגר מאן הדיוט לאו בעל הבית אמר רב חסדא בצדרייתא אבל מאני תשמישתיה דיקירי עליה לא מזבין להו אי לאו בדמי יתירי:
for sale. He demanded<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'called'. ');"><sup>7</sup></span>
<big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> אחד הלוקח ואחד המוכר יש להן אונאה כשם שאונאה להדיוט כך אונאה לתגר ורבי יהודה אומר אין אונאה לתגר מי שהוטל עליו ידו על העליונה רצה אומר לו תן לי מעותי או תן לי מה שאניתני:
Six [<i>zuz</i>], whilst they were worth five, yet if five and a half were offered, he would have accepted. Then a man came and said [to himself]. 'If I pay him five and a half, it is [immediate] renunciation;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The overcharge being less than a sixth. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
<big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> מנהני מילי דת"ר (ויקרא כה, יד) וכי תמכרו ממכר לעמיתך אל תונו אין לי אלא שנתאנה לוקח נתאנה מוכר מנין תלמוד לומר (ויקרא כה, יד) או קנה אל תונו
therefore I will pay him six and then sue him at law.' When he went before Raba, he said to him: This was taught only of one who buys from a merchant; but when one buys from a private person,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'householder'. ');"><sup>9</sup></span>
ואיצטריך למכתב לוקח ואיצטריך למכתב מוכר דאי כתב רחמנא מוכר משום דקים ליה בזבינתיה אבל לוקח דלא קים ליה בזבינתיה אימא לא אזהריה רחמנא בלא תונו
he has no claim of fraud upon him.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A private person may attach a sentimental value to an object, which is naturally greater than the market price, and the vendee must be aware of this. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
ואי כתב רחמנא לוקח משום דקא קני דאמרי אינשי זבנית קנית אבל מוכר דאבודי קא מוביד דאמרי אינשי זבין אוביד אימא לא אזהריה רחמנא בלא תונו צריכא:
A man had jewellery for sale. He demanded sixty [<i>zuz</i>], whilst it was worth fifty; yet had he been offered fifty-five, he would have accepted. Then a man came and argued. 'If I give him fifty-five, it will constitute renunciation: therefore I will give him sixty and then sue him at law.' When he came before R. Hisda, he said to him: This was taught only of one who buys from a merchant; but when one buys from a Private individual, he has no claim of fraud against him. Said R. Dimi to him: 'Well spoken!'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., (with [H], 'thy strength', understood) 'thy strength be firm'. ');"><sup>11</sup></span>
רבי יהודה אומר אין אונאה לתגר: משום שהוא תגר אין לו אונאה
and R. Eleazar said likewise, 'Well spoken!' But did we not learn, Just as the law of overreaching holds good in the case of a layman, so it holds good in the case of a merchant. Now, who is meant by 'a layman?' Surely a Private individual! — Said R. Hisda:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Other versions: R. Papa. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
אמר רב נחמן אמר רב בתגר ספסר שנו מאי טעמא מידע ידע זבינתיה כמה שויא ואחולי אחיל גביה והאי דזבנא הכי משום דאתרמיא ליה זבינתא אחריתי
That applies to rough cloth garments..<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which a private individual does not mind selling. ');"><sup>13</sup></span>
והשתא מיהא קא הדר ביה רב אשי אמר מאי אין לתגר אונאה אינו בתורת אונאה שאפילו פחות מכדי אונאה חוזר תניא כוותיה דרב נחמן רבי יהודה אומר תגר אין לו אונאה מפני שהוא בקי:
But garments of personal use, which are dear to him, he would not sell but at an enhanced price.
מי שהוטל עליו ידו על העליונה וכו': מני מתניתין לא רבי נתן ולא רבי יהודה הנשיא
<b><i>MISHNAH</i></b>. BOTH THE VENDEE AND THE VENDOR CAN CLAIM FOR OVERREACHING. JUST AS THE LAW OF OVERREACHING HOLDS GOOD IN THE CASE OF A LAYMAN, SO IT HOLDS GOOD IN THE CASE OF A MERCHANT. R. JUDAH SAID: THERE IS NO OVERREACHING FOR A MERCHANT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is explained below. ');"><sup>14</sup></span>
אמר רבי אלעזר אונאה זו איני יודע מי שנאה רבה אמר לעולם רבי נתן היא ותני נמי בברייתא רצה רבא אמר לעולם ר' יהודה הנשיא היא ומאי דשייר במתניתין קא מפרש בברייתא אמר רב אשי דיקא נמי דקתני אחד הלוקח ואחד המוכר ומפרש ליה ללוקח שמע מינה שיוריה שייריה למוכר שמע מינה
From this I know it<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That an overcharge is returnable. ');"><sup>16</sup></span>
איתמר האומר לחבירו על מנת שאין לך עלי אונאה רב אמר יש לו עליו אונאה ושמואל אמר אין לו עליו אונאה לימא רב דאמר כרבי מאיר ושמואל דאמר כרבי יהודה
only if the purchaser was defrauded; how do I know it if the vendor was overreached? Because Scripture states,'…acquirest…ye shall not deceive' — Now, both vendee and vendor must be written, for had the Divine Law stated [the law only of] the vendor — that is because he knows his purchase;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Hence, if he overreaches, he does it wantonly. and therefore the overcharge is returnable. ');"><sup>17</sup></span>
דתניא האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי על מנת שאין לך עלי שאר כסות ועונה הרי זו מקודשת ותנאו בטל דברי ר"מ רבי יהודה אומר בדבר שבממון תנאו קיים
but as for the purchaser, who is not experienced in the purchase,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And if he underpays, it is unwittingly. ');"><sup>18</sup></span>
אמר לך רב אנא דאמרי אפי' לר' יהודה עד כאן לא קאמר ר' יהודה התם אלא דידעה וקא מחלה
I might think that the Divine Law did not apply the injunction of 'ye shall not defraud' to him. And had Scripture mentioned the vendee [only], that might be because he acquires [an article], for it is proverbial, 'When you buy, you gain'. But as for the vendor, who indeed loses thereby, as it is said, 'He who sells, loses,'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Money goes, and he who sells loses the article and probably the money too later on; but he who buys has a permanent gain — sentiments natural to a private individual as well as to a noncommercial, agricultural community. ');"><sup>19</sup></span> I might think that the Divine Law did not exhort him, 'ye shall not defraud;' hence both are necessary. R. JUDAH SAID, THERE IS NO OVERREACHING FOR A MERCHANT. Because he is a merchant, has he no claim for overreaching? — Said R. Nahman in Rab's name: This was taught of a speculator.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So Jast. Rashi: a merchant who is a middleman, buying and selling from hand to hand. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> Why? Because he well knows the value of what he sells, but foregoes [part thereof] to him [the vendee], the reason that he sells thus [cheaply] being that he has chanced upon another purchase;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For which he needs immediate ready money. ');"><sup>21</sup></span> nevertheless now he wishes to retract.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Possibly because his intended bargain did not mature. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> R. Ashi said: What is meant by 'THERE IS NO OVERREACHING FOR A MERCHANT? He is not subject to the law of overreaching. i.e., he can withdraw even for less than the [recoverable] standard of overreaching.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If he was deceived even by less than a sixth he can withdraw from the bargain, since that is his livelihood. ');"><sup>23</sup></span> It has been taught in accordance with R. Nahman: R. Judah said: There is no overreaching for a merchant, because he is an expert.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This proves that he has no redress, not, as R. Ashi said, that he is put in an advantageous position. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> HE WHO WAS DECEIVED HAS THE UPPER HAND. Who is the authority of our Mishnah, [seeing that] it is neither R. Nathan nor R. Judah ha-Nasi? For if R. Nathan — our Mishnah teaches, IF HE WISHES,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., he has the choice of confirming the sale and recovering the fraud or cancelling the sale entirely. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> whereas the Baraitha<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Supra 50b. ');"><sup>26</sup></span> does not state, If he wishes;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' But only enables him to recover the Fraud but not cancel the transaction. ');"><sup>27</sup></span> whilst if it is R. Judah — our Mishnah refers to the Vendee [only],<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As being able to cancel the sale, since it states, GIVE ME BACK MY MONEY. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> whereas the Baraitha refers to the Vendor.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. supra 50b. ');"><sup>29</sup></span> (Mnemonic: <i>ZaB</i> RaSH.)<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 398, n. 5. Z for EleaZar; B for RaBBah; R for Raba; R for ASHi. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> Said R. Eleazar: I do not know who taught this [Mishnah of] overreaching. Rabbah said: In truth, its authority is R. Nathan, but read in the Baraitha too, [If] he wishes [etc.]. Raba said: In truth, it is R. Judah ha-Nasi, but what the Mishnah omits is explained in the Baraitha.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 492. n. 2, and cf. p. 227. n 2. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> Said R. Ashi: This too follows from the fact that it states. BOTH THE VENDEE AND THE VENDOR, yet proceeds to explain [the law of] the vendee [only]; this proves that the case of the vendor is merely left over. This proves it. It has been stated: If one says to his neighbour, 'I agree to this sale on condition that you have no claim of overreaching against me — Rab said: He [nevertheless] has a claim of overreaching against him. Whereas Samuel said: He has no claim of overreaching against him. Shall we say that Rab ruled in accordance with R. Meir, and Samuel in accordance with R. Judah? For it has been taught: If one says to a woman, 'Behold thou art betrothed<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'sanctified'. ');"><sup>32</sup></span> unto me on condition that thou hast no claims upon me of sustenance, raiment and conjugal rights' — she is betrothed, but the condition is null: this is R. Meir's view. But R. Judah said: In respect of civil matters, his condition is binding! — Rab can answer you: My ruling agrees even with R. Judah. R. Judah states his view there only in that case, because she knew [of her rights], and renounced them;