Bava Metzia 160

שש עשרה שעורים חייב הא שלשת קבין פטור תרגמה אביי במחיקתא

sixteen [se'ahs] of barley,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., an additional se'ah. ');">¹</span>

ת"ר קב לכתף אדריב לעריבה כור לספינה שלשת כורים לבורני גדולה

he is liable. This implies, [if he merely added] three <i>kabs</i>, he is exempt!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This contradicts Abaye. ');">²</span>

אמר מר קב לכתף אם איתא דלא מצי ביה בר דעת הוא לשדיה אמר אביי בשחבטו לאלתר רבא אמר אפילו תימא בשלא חבטו לאלתר לא צריכא אלא לאגרא יתירא רב אשי אמר הוא סבור חולשא הוא דנקיט ליה

— Abaye interpreted it [as referring] to levelled measures [of corn].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Instead of a load of 15 se'ahs of wheat liberally measured, he brought one consisting of barley counted by levelled measures, in which case there is no liability unless the addition was a se'ah (Rashi); others: reduced in weight by being worm-eaten.] ');">³</span>

כור לספינה שלשת כורין לבורני גדולה אמר רב פפא ש"מ סתם ספינות בת תלתין כורין למאי נפקא מינה למקח וממכר

Our Rabbis taught: A <i>kab</i> [is a culpable overload] for a porter:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'the shoulder', I.e., if a man is engaged to carry a certain burden, which is increased by a kab, and he breaks down, his employer is liable. ');">⁴</span>

<big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> כל האומנין שומרי שכר הן וכולן שאמרו טול את שלך והבא מעות שומר חנם שמור לי ואשמור לך שומר שכר שמור לי וא"ל הנח לפני שומר חנם

an <i>artaba</i><span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Persian measure. [Rashi: a lethech.] ');">⁵</span>

הלוהו על המשכון שומר שכר ר' יהודה אומר הלוהו מעות שומר חנם הלוהו פירות שומר שכר אבא שאול אומר רשאי אדם להשכיר משכונו של עני להיות פוסק והולך עליו מפני שהוא כמשיב אבידה

for a canoe;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A small boat. ');">⁶</span>

<big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> לימא מתניתין דלא כרבי מאיר דתניא שוכר כיצד משלם רבי מאיר אומר כשומר חנם ר' יהודה אומר כשומר שכר

a <i>kor</i> for a ship; and three <i>kors</i> for a large<i> liburna</i>.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [G]; a light, fast-sailing vessel (Jast.). ');">⁷</span>

אפילו תימא רבי מאיר בההיא הנאה דקא שביק כולי עלמא ואגיר ליה לדידיה הוי עילויה שומר שכר אי הכי שוכר נמי בההיא הנאה דקא שביק כולי עלמא ומוגר ליה לדידיה הוי עילויה שומר שכר

The Master said: 'A <i>kab</i> [is a culpable overload] for a porter.' But if it is too heavy for him, is he not an intelligent being? Let him throw it down! — Said Abaye: It means that it [the weight] struck him down immediately.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As soon as he took it up, and before realising that it was too heavy for him, fell under it. ');">⁸</span>

אלא אפילו תימא ר' מאיר בההיא הנאה דקא יהיב ליה טפי פורתא הוי עילויה שומר שכר

Raba said: You may even say that it did not strike him down immediately, but this is taught only with regard to extra pay.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If the load exceeds the weight agreed upon by a kab, he is entitled to additional remuneration. ');">⁹</span>

שוכר נמי מי לא עסקי' דקא משוי ליה טפי פורתא אלא אפילו תימא ר"מ בההיא הנאה דתפיש ליה אאגריה דלא בעי למיעל ולמיפק אזוזי הוי עליה ש"ש

R. Ashi said: He might have thought that he had been seized with weakness.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., actually it means that he broke down under the additional weight, yet, though an intelligent being, he did not throw it away, thinking that the fault was in his own weakness, and being unaware that the weight was greater than stipulated. ');">¹⁰</span>

איבעית אימא כדמחליף רבה בר אבוה ותני שוכר כיצד משלם ר' מאיר אומר כשומר שכר רבי יהודה אומר כשומר חנם

'A <i>kor</i> for a ship, and three <i>kors</i> for a large<i> liburna'</i>. R. Papa said: From this it follows that the average ship takes a load of thirty <i>kors</i>.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because the overload is assessed at a thirtieth of the legitimate freight. ');">¹¹</span>

וכולן שאמרו טול את שלך והבא מעות שומר חנם תנן התם אמר לו שואל שלח ושלחה ומתה חייב וכן בשעה שמחזירה

What practical difference does it make? — In respect of buying and selling.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If one sells a ship, without specifying its capacity, it must be at least thirty kors, and otherwise the sale is invalid. ');">¹²</span>

אמר רפרם בר פפא אמר רב חסדא לא שנו אלא שהחזירה בתוך ימי שאילתה אבל לאחר ימי שאילתה פטור מתיב רב נחמן בר פפא וכולן שאמרו טול את שלך והבא מעות שומר חנם

<b><i>MISHNAH</i></b>. ALL ARTISANS ARE REGARDED AS PAID BAILEES;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., contractors who accept material for manufacture, e.g., a carpenter who receives wood for making up into a table, rank as a paid trustee thereof, in that, if it is stolen, they are held responsible. ');">¹³</span> BUT IF THEY DECLARE,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' After the work is completed. ');">¹⁴</span> 'TAKE YOUR PROPERTY AND THEN BRING US MONEY, THEY RANK AS UNPAID BAILEES.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who are responsible only for negligence, but not for theft. ');">¹⁵</span> [IF A MAN SAID TO ANOTHER] 'KEEP THIS ARTICLE [FOR ME], AND I WILL KEEP [ANOTHER] FOR YOU,' HE RANKS AS A PAID BAILEE. [IF HE REQUESTED,] 'KEEP [THIS] FOR ME,' AND HE REPLIED, 'PUT IT DOWN BEFORE ME,' HE IS AN UNPAID BAILEE. IF A MAN LENDS ANOTHER ON A PLEDGE,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which the lender takes into his own keeping. ');">¹⁶</span> HE RANKS AS A PAID TRUSTEE. R. JUDAH SAID: IF HE LENDS HIM MONEY [ON A PLEDGE], HE IS AN UNPAID TRUSTEE; IF PROVISIONS, HE IS A PAID BAILEE. ABBA SAUL SAID: ONE MAY HIRE OUT A PLEDGE TAKEN FROM A POOR MAN, FIXING A HIRING FEE AND PROGRESSIVELY DIMINISHING THE DEBT, BECAUSE IT IS LIKE RETURNING A LOST ARTICLE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The grounds for the various rulings of this Mishnah are discussed in the Gemara. ');">¹⁷</span> <b><i>GEMARA</i></b>. Must we say that our Mishnah does not accord with R. Meir? For it has been taught: One who hires [e.g., an animal], how does he pay [if it comes to harm]? R. Meir said: As an unpaid trustee; R. Judah said: As a paid trustee.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Meir maintains: since he pays for the benefit he receives, he is taking care of it gratuitously; whilst in R. Judah's view, since it comes into his hands for his benefit, he is a paid trustee, notwithstanding that he pays for that benefit. Superficially, the same reasoning applies to an artisan: the object comes into his keeping for his own benefit, viz., that he may earn money thereby; but at the same time, he gives his labour for that benefit. ');">¹⁸</span> — You may assume [it to agree] even with R. Meir: in return for that benefit, that he [the employer] forsakes everyone else and engages him, he becomes a paid bailee in respect thereof. If so, the same applies to a hirer: in return for that benefit, in that he forsakes everyone else and hires [it] to him, he becomes a paid trustee in respect thereof! But [say thus:] You may assume [it to agree] even with R. Meir: in return for that benefit, that he pays him somewhat more [than his due], he becomes a paid bailee in respect thereof.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Rashi: it is impossible to assess exactly in the case of a contractor the value of the actual labour involved, and therefore he is assumed to be slightly overpaid. Tosaf., observes that this answer might have been refuted by a reference to those who do not overpay, but that it is refuted in another way. ');">¹⁹</span> If so, the same applies to a hirer; may one not be referring to a case where he gives him slightly better value?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the dispute between R. Meir and R. Judah does not differentiate between normal and better value, e.g., if the owner accepts less than the usual hire; but there too R. Meir should say: In return for the benefit received by the remission of part of the hiring fee he becomes a paid bailee. ');">²⁰</span> But [say thus]: You may assume [it to agree] even with R. Meir: in return for that benefit, that he holds it against his remuneration and is not forced to go seeking for money, he ranks as a paid bailee in respect thereof. Alternatively, it is as Rabbah b. Abbuha reversed [the Baraitha] and learnt: How does a hirer pay? R. Meir said: As a paid bailee; R. Judah said: As an unpaid bailee.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The insistent attempts to prove that the Mishnah does agree with R. Meir, even though, as in the last reply, it is only at the cost of assuming that it does not agree with R. Judah, are due to the fact that our Mishnah was taught anonymously, and it is a general rule that an anonymous Mishnah must agree with R. Meir. ');">²¹</span> BUT IF THEY DECLARE, 'TAKE YOUR PROPERTY AND THEN BRING US MONEY.' THEY RANK AS UNPAID BAILEES. We learnt elsewhere: If the borrower instructed him [sc. the lender] to send [the animal], and he sent it, and it died [on the road, before reaching him], he is liable for it. The same holds good when he returns it.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Infra 98b. A gratuitous borrower is liable for every mishap. Now, if he explicitly instructs the lender to send it to him, he is responsible for it immediately the lender entrusts it to a person for delivery, and therefore if it perishes on the road, he must make it good. Likewise, if the borrower entrusts it to his agent for return, without receiving explicit instructions to that effect from the lender, he remains responsible for it until it is actually returned. ');">²²</span> Rafram b. Papa said in R. Hisda's name: This was stated only if he returned it within the period for which he borrowed it; but if after, he is not liable.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For when that period has expired, he ceases to bear the responsibilities of a borrower. ');">²³</span> R. Nahman b. Papa raised an objection: BUT IF THEY DECLARE, 'TAKE YOUR PROPERTY AND THEN BRING US MONEY,' THEY RANK AS UNPAID BAILEES: