Chullin 94

אבל אגבה אפילו כטרפא דאסא טרפה

but if it is found on the back of the lungs, even though it is as small as a myrtle leaf, it is trefah.

אמר רפרם

Rafram said: If the lung was like wood, it is trefah.

האי ריאה דדמיא לאופתא טרפה

Some explain, [like wood] in colour; others, [like wood] in touch.

איכא דאמרי

The former say: 'in colour', meaning thereby that when distended it is pale [like wood]; but the others say: 'in touch', meaning thereby that it is hard [like wood], or, as some say, that it is quite smoot and has no fissures marking the lobes.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' There are many variants in the text of this passage; the translation, however, follows the text as found in MS.M. and other MSS. V. D.S. V. also Alfasi.');">¹</span>

בחזותא ואיכא דאמרי

Raba said: If [the lung was] blue it is permitted, if black like ink it is trefah; for R'Hanina said: Black [blood] is [in reality] red blood which has turned black by disease.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Nid. 19a. Hence black is a symptom of decay and disease. veurh');">²</span>

בגישתא איכא דאמרי

If green<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Heb. This may mean either green or yellow. From the second anecdote of R. Nathan (v. infra) it would seem that yellow is intended, for this would very likely be the colour of the anaemic child; but v. p. 255, n. 1.');">³</span>

דנפיחה ואיכא דאמרי

it is permitted, in accordance with R'Nathan; if red it is also permitted, in accordance with R'Nathan.

דפחיזא ואיכא דאמרי

For it was taught: R'Nathan said: 'I once came to a coastal town and was approached there by a woman who, having circumcised her first son and he died and her second son and he also died, brought her third son to me.

דשיעא דלית לה חיתוכא דאוני

I saw that the child was red so I said to her, "My daughter, wait until the blood will become absorbed in him".

אמר רבא

She accordingly waited and thereafter circumcised her child and he lived and was named Nathan the Babylonian after me.

ככוחלא כשרה כדיותא טרפה

On another occasion when I went to Cappadocia I was approached by a woman who, having circumcised her first son and he died and her second son and he also died, brought her third son to me.

דא"ר חנינא

I saw that the child had a greenish colour; I examined him and found that he was anaemic, without blood for circumcision.

שחור אדום הוא אלא שלקה

I said to her, "My daughter, wait until the blood will circulate more freely in the child".

ירוקה כשרה מדרבי נתן

She accordingly waited and thereafter circumcised her child and he lived and was named Nathan the Babylonian after me'.

אדומה כשרה מדרבי נתן

R'Kahana said: If [the lung] resembles liver<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., hepatization - a consolidation of the lungs resulting in a liver-like solidification; this occurs in pneumonia.');">⁴</span>

דתניא רבי נתן אומר

it is permitted, if it resembles meat<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., carnification - a state of certain organs in which the tissue becomes changed so as to resemble flesh.');">⁵</span>

פעם אחת הלכתי לכרכי הים באתה אשה אחת לפני שמלה בנה ראשון ומת שני ומת שלישי הביאתו לפני

it is trefah; and in orde to remember this, think of the verse: Flesh that is torn of beasts [trefah] in the field.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXII, 30. Suggesting that if it is like flesh it is trefah. veurh');">⁶</span>

ראיתיו שהיה אדום אמרתי לה

R'Sama, son of Raba, said: If the lung resembles cuscuta or the crocus or [the yolk of] an egg, it is trefa But what is meant by the statement above, 'If green it is permitted'? - That it resembles the leek in colour.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' therefore means green and not the various shades of yellow, for these are trefah. V. p. 254, n. 3.');">⁷</span>

בתי המתיני לו עד שיבלע בו דמו

Rabina said: If there is an obstruction<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that when the lungs are inflated some part will not distend.');">⁸</span>

המתינה לו ומלה אותו וחיה והיו קורין אותו נתן הבבלי על שמי

in the lung, we must fetch a knife and cut open the obstruction.

ושוב פעם אחת הלכתי למדינת קפוטקיא באתה אשה לפני שמלה בנה ראשון ומת שני ומת שלישי הביאתו לפני ראיתיו שהיה ירוק הצצתי בו ולא היה בו דם ברית

If there is found there an accumulation of pus, then it is clear that the obstruction was caused by the pus, and it is therefore permitted.

אמרתי לה

If there is no pus, we must then place over the obstruction a feather or spittle; if stirs, it is permitted,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For this indicates that the air can penetrate.');">⁹</span>

בתי המתיני לו עד שיפול בו דמו

otherwise it is trefah.

המתינה לו ומלה אותו וחיה והיו קורין אותו נתן הבבלי על שמי

R'Joseph said: A membrane which had formed on the lungs in consequence of a wound is not a proper membrane.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' It does not form a strong and effective protection over the wound; it will most certainly break and it is therefore trefah.');">¹⁰</span>

אמר רב כהנא

R'Joseph further said: If the lung produces a sound [when inflated] and the source of the sound can be located, we must place over that spot a feather or a straw or spittle; if it stirs it is trefah, otherwise it is permitted.

ככבדא כשרה כבשרא טרפה וסימניך

If the source cannot be located, we must then take a basin of luke-warm water and put the lung therein.

(שמות כב, ל) ובשר בשדה טרפה

We then inflate the lung; if it bubbles it is trefah, otherwise it is permitted, for then it is clear that the inner membrane only has been perforated, but not the outer one, and the sound is caused merely by the air vibrating between the two membranes.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. supra 46b.');">¹¹</span>

אמר רב סמא בריה דרבא

Ulla said in the name of R'Johanan: If the substance of the lung [decayed so that it] tosses about as [wate in a jug, it is permitted.

האי ריאה דדמיא ככשותא וכמוריקא וכגון ביעתא טרפה

Evidently he is of the opinion that a deficiency of substance within an organ is not considered a defect.

אלא ירוקה דכשרה היכי דמיא

R'Abba raised this objection against Ulla.

ככרתי

We have learnt: IF THE LUNG WAS PIERCED OR WAS DEFICIENT.

אמר רבינא

Now what does 'DEFICIENT mean?

אטום בריאה מייתינן סכינא וקרעינן לה אי אית בה מוגלא ודאי מחמת מוגלא הוא וכשרה

Should you say it means a deficiency from the outside, but that would be identical with 'pierced'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And in that case it would be unnecessary to state it expressly in the MISHNAH:');">¹²</span>

ואי לא מותבינן עלה גדפא או רוקא אי מבצבצא כשרה ואי לא טרפה

It must mean therefore a deficiency within, thus proving that a deficiency within is considered a defect! - No; it really means a deficiency from the outside and as for your objection that it would then be identical with pierced, [I say that] it is stated in the Mishnah only on account of R'Simeon's view.

אמר רב יוסף

For he said: PROVIDED IT WAS PIERCED AS FAR AS THE MAIN BRONCHI.

קרום שעלה מחמת מכה בריאה אינו קרום

Now this is his view only where there is a hole without any loss of substance, but where there is a hole with loss of substance even R'Simeon would agree.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That it is trefah even though the perforation does not extend as far as the main bronchi.');">¹³</span>

ואמר רב יוסף

Once when R'Hananiah was in R'Nathan and all the great men of that age came to visit him.

האי ריאה דאוושא אי ידעינן היכא אוושא מנחינן עלה גדפא או גילא או רוקא אי מבצבצא טרפה ואי לא כשרה

There was then brought in to him [R'Hananiah] a lung whose substance [had decayed and] was tossing about within as [water] in a jug, and he declared it to be permitted.

ואי לא ידעינן לה מייתי משיכותא דמיא פשורי ומותבינן לה בגוה

Raba said: Provided, however, the bronchial tubes within were intact.

בחמימי לא דכווצי בקרירי לא דמטרשי

R'Aha, son of Raba, asked R'Ashi, How would we know it? - He replied: We take a glazed earthen basin, [pierce the lung] and pour it out into the basin, if there are seen any white streaks it is trefah,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The white streaks are particles of the bronchial tubes which have been destroyed within.');">¹⁴</span>

אלא בדקינן לה בפשורי אי מבצבצא טרפה ואי לא כשרה

but if not, it is permitted.

תתאה אינקיב עילאה לא אינקיב והאי דאוושא זיקא דביני וביני הוא

R'Nahman said: If the substance of the lung decayed<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' It is difficult to distinguish this case from that of Ulla supra, and indeed Maim, regards both statements as one. Rashi, however, distinguishes between the two cases and interprets this statement of R. Nahman thus: If the lung was depleted. i.e., a cavity was formed within but the rest of the pulmonary substance was sound etc.');">¹⁵</span>

אמר עולא א"ר יוחנן

within but the entire external covering was intact, it is permitted.

ריאה שנשפכה כקיתון כשרה

It was taught likewise: If the substance of the lung decayed within but the entire external covering was intact, it is permitted, even though [the cavity within] would hold a quarter log.

אלמא קסבר

If the womb of an animal was gone,

חסרון מבפנים לא שמיה חסרון

איתיביה רבי אבא לעולא

הריאה שניקבה או שחסרה

מאי חסרה

אילימא מבחוץ היינו ניקבה

אלא לאו מבפנים ושמע מינה

חסרון מבפנים שמיה חסרון

לא לעולם מבחוץ ודקא אמרת

היינו ניקבה לא צריכא לרבי שמעון דאמר

עד שתנקב לבית הסמפונות ה"מ נקב דלית ביה חסרון אבל נקב דאית ביה חסרון אפילו רבי שמעון מודה

רבי חנניה חלש על לגביה רבי נתן וכל גדולי הדור אייתו קמיה ריאה שנשפכה כקיתון ואכשרה

אמר רבא

והוא דקיימי סמפונות

אמר ליה רב אחא בריה דרבא לרב אשי

מנא ידעינן

אמר ליה

מייתינן צעא דקוניא ושפכינן לה בגויה

אי אית בה שורייקי חיורי טרפה ואי לא כשרה

אמר רב נחמן

ריאה שנימוקה וקרום שלה קיים כשרה

תניא נמי הכי

ריאה שנימוקה וקרום שלה קיים אפילו מחזקת רביעית כשרה

ניטלה