Gittin 87

Chapter 87

א ואי בעית אימא בשלוה על מנת למשכנו ולא משכנו:
1 Or if you like I can say that it refers to the case where he borrowed on condition that he should pledge and he did not pledge.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' At the expiry of the time. In the case of the field which the heathen offers to pledge to the Israelite, so long as the Israelite does not actually take it in pledge he may eat of the produce without giving tithe, because the field still belongs to the heathen. But if the Israelite offers to pledge the slave to the heathen and the latter has not yet taken him in pledge, should the slave escape the Sages forbade the Jew from claiming him as a punishment for offering to pledge him to a heathen (Rashi). ');"><sup>1</sup></span>
ב ת"ר גבאו בחובו או שלקחו סיקריקון לא יצא לחירות ובחובו לא
2 Our Rabbis taught: If [a heathen] seizes the slave [of a Jew] on account of money owing to him, or if he is taken by the sicaricon,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Usually taken as = sicarius, brigands who infested Judea after the revolt of Bar Cochba. More probably a corruption of [G] the Imperial fiscus in Judea. V. infra p. 252, n. 2. ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ג ורמינהי הרי שאנסו בית המלך גורנו אם בחובו חייב לעשר אם באנפרות פטור מלעשר
3 he does not become free [if he escapes]. Is this really the rule if he is seized on account of debt?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'and for his debt, no'. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ד שאני התם דקא משתרשי ליה
4 [If so,] it would seem to conflict with the following: 'If the king's officers seize the corn in a man's granary, if it is on account of a debt due from him he must give tithe for it,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which shows that this is regarded as a kind of sale, and the seller is therefore penalised. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ה תא שמע דאמר רב המוכר עבדו לפרהנג עובד כוכבים יצא לחירות התם הוה ליה לפייס ולא פייס
5 but if it is on account of anparuth,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [This apparently means a debt payable by instalments, with the condition of forfeiture on missing one payment, distraint on account is which was reckoned as misappropriation. V. infra p. 272.] ');"><sup>5</sup></span>
ו גופא אמר רב המוכר עבדו לפרהנג עובד כוכבים יצא לחירות מאי הוה ליה למעבד הוה ליה לפייס ולא פייס
6 he is not under obligation to give tithe?' — There the case is different, because they confer some advantage on him.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [By making him after all quit of the debt, therefore he is liable to give tithe. But in the case of the slave where the cancellation of the master's ownership is merely a punitive measure for transgressing the Rabbinic regulation, no such penalty can be inflicted where the slave was taken against his will.] ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ז בעי ר' ירמיה מכרו לשלשים יום מהו תא שמע דאמר רב המוכר עבדו לפרהנג עובד כוכבים יצא לחירות התם בפרהנג עובד כוכבים שאינה חוזרת
7 Come and hear: 'Rab said: If a man sells his slave to a heathen parhang<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Apparently, forced labour exacted by the Government or bandits. ');"><sup>7</sup></span>
ח מכרו חוץ ממלאכתו מהו חוץ מן המצות מהו חוץ משבתות וימים טובים מהו לגר תושב לישראל מומר מהו לכותי מהו פשוט מיהא חדא גר תושב הרי הוא כעובד כוכבים כותי וישראל מומר אמרי לה כעובד כוכבים ואמרי לה כישראל:
8 he becomes free [if he escapes]!' — There the reason is that he ought to have persuaded him to take something else, and he did not do so.
ט בעו מיניה מרבי אמי עבד שהפיל עצמו לגייסות ואין רבו יכול להוציאו לא בדיני ישראל ולא בדיני עובדי כוכבים מהו שיטול את דמיו
9 The text above [stated]: 'Rab said that if a man sells his slave to a heathen parhang he becomes free. What was he to do? — He should have persuaded him to take something else and he did not do so.' R. Jeremiah raised the question: Suppose he sold him for thirty days,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., do we regard this as a breach of the regulation of the Rabbis and penalise him? ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
י א"ל ר' ירמיה לרבי זריקא פוק עיין במכילתיך נפק דק ואשכח דתניא המוכר ביתו לעובד כוכבים דמיו אסורין ועובד כוכבים שאנס ביתו של ישראל ואין בעליו יכול להוציאו לא בדיני ישראל ולא בדיני עובדי כוכבים מותר ליטול את דמיו וכותב ומעלה בערכאות שלהן מפני שהוא כמציל מידם
10 how do we decide? — Come and hear: Rab said, 'If a man sells his slave to a heathen parhang he becomes free'. — That refers to a heathen' parhang who is not likely to return. If he sells him [for all purposes] except for work,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., he sells him to marry to a Canaanitish bond woman. ');"><sup>9</sup></span>
יא ודילמא ה"מ בית דכיון דלא סגי ליה בלא בית לא אתי לזבוניה אבל עבדא דסגי ליה בלא עבדא אתי לזבוניה או לא
11 how [do we decide]? If he sells him [for all purposes] save where a breach of the Jewish law is involved,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'save for the precepts'. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
יב שלח להו ר' אמי מיני אמי בר נתן תורה יוצאה לכל ישראל עבד שהפיל עצמו לגייסות ואין רבו יכול להוציאו לא בדיני ישראל ולא בדיני עובדי כוכבים מותר ליטול את דמיו וכותב ומעלה בערכאות של עובדי כוכבים מפני שהוא כמציל מידם
12 how [do we decide]? If he sells him [for work at all times] save on Sabbaths and festivals, how [do we decide]? If he sells him to a resident alien<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A heathen who settles in the land of Israel on condition of abstaining from idolatry, but without adopting the Jewish religion. ');"><sup>11</sup></span>
יג א"ר יהושע בן לוי המוכר עבדו לעובד כוכבים קונסים אותו עד מאה בדמיו
13 or non-observant Israelite,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Heb. [H] Lit., 'a changed (Israelite.)' a Jew who neglects the practices without discarding the beliefs of Judaism. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
יד דוקא או לאו דוקא ת"ש דאמר ריש לקיש המוכר בהמה גסה לעובד כוכבים קונסים אותו עד עשר' בדמיה
14 how [do we decide]? [If] to a Cuthean, how [do we decide]? — One of these questions at any rate may be definitely answered — A resident alien is on the same footing as a heathen. As for a Cuthean and a nonobservant Israelite, some say he is [on the same footing] as a heathen, and some [that he is on the same footing] as an Israelite.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because they kept certain of the commandments. ');"><sup>13</sup></span>
טו ודלמא שאני עבד דכל יומא ויומא מפקע ליה ממצות
15 A question was asked of R. Ammi: If a slave throws himself into the hands of bandits and his master is unable to procure his return through the agency either of an Israelite or Gentile court, is he at liberty to receive payment for him [if offered]? — Said R. Jeremiah to R. Zerika: Go outside and look through your notes.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'your mekilta' (measure) a record of halachahs made by R. Zerika for his private use. ');"><sup>14</sup></span>
טז ואיכא דאמרי אמר רבי יהושע בן לוי המוכר עבדו לעובד כוכבים קונסין אותו עד עשרה בדמיו דוקא או לאו דוקא תא שמע דאמר ריש לקיש המוכר בהמה גסה לעובד כוכבים קונסין אותו עד מאה בדמיה
16 He went out, looked, and found that it was taught: If a man sells his house [in the land of Israel] to a heathen, the money paid for it is forbidden. If, however, a heathen forcibly takes a house of an Israelite, and the latter is unable to recover it either in a heathen or a Jewish court, he may accept payment for it and he may make out a deed for it and present it in heathen courts,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For the signatures to be confirmed, although as a rule the Rabbis depreciated resulting to heathen courts. ');"><sup>15</sup></span>
יז שאני עבד דלא הדר ליה
17 since this is like rescuing [money] from their hands.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which answers the question propounded to R. Ammi. ');"><sup>16</sup></span>
יח אלא בהמה טעמא מאי משום דהדרא ליה לקנסיה טפי חד אלא עבד מילתא דלא שכיחא ומלתא דלא שכיחא לא גזרי בה רבנן
18 But perhaps this applies only to a house, because since [a man] cannot do without a house he will not be induced<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By the knowledge that he can keep the money. ');"><sup>17</sup></span>
יט בעא מיניה רבי ירמיה מרבי אסי מכר עבדו ומת מהו שיקנסו את בנו אחריו אם תימצי לומר צרם אוזן בכור ומת קנסו בנו אחריו משום דאיסורא דאורייתא היא אבל הכא איסורא דרבנן
19 to sell it, but since [a man] can do without a slave, shall we say that [if we make this rule] he may be induced to sell? — R. Ammi sent back answer; From me, Ammi son of Nathan, the rule is issued to all Israel that if a slave throws himself into the hands of bandits and his master is unable to recover him either in a Jewish or a heathen court, [his master] is permitted to accept payment for him, and he may make out a deed and present it in heathen courts, because this is like rescuing [money] from their hands. R. Joshua b. Levi said: If a man sells his slave to a heathen he can be penalised [by having to ransom him for] as much as a hundred times his value. Is the expression 'a hundred' here used exactly or loosely? — Come and hear, since Resh Lakish has said: If a man sells an ox to a heathen, he can be penalised by having to ransom it for as much as ten times its value.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A.Z. 15. This shows that the 'hundred' mentioned in the case of a slave is a hyperbole. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> Perhaps the rule for a slave is different, because every day he is kept away from religious observances. According: to another version R. Joshua b. Levi said: If a man sells his slave to a heathen he may be penalised by having to ransom him for as much as ten times his value. Is the expression 'ten' here used exactly or loosely? Come and hear, since Resh Lakish has said: If a man sells an ox to a heathen, he can be penalised by having to ransom it for as much as a hundred times its value.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And the same should apply to a slave. ');"><sup>19</sup></span> — The rule for a slave is different, because he is not restored to him. The reason then why in the case of an animal [the penalty is so high] is because it is returned to him. If so, the excess penalty should be the bare value of the animal?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because this is all the advantage that one who sells an ox has over one who sells a slave. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> — In fact the real reason is [that for a man to sell] a slave is unusual, and the Rabbis did not prescribe for unusual cases.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To impose a particularly heavy fine. ');"><sup>21</sup></span> R. Jeremiah enquired of R. Assi: If a man sells his slave and then dies, is there ground for penalising his son after him? It is true you can point [to the rule that] if a priest mutilates the ear of a firstling<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And so disqualifies it for being brought as a sacrifice. and thus enables himself to consume it as common flesh. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> and then dies, his son is penalised after him; but this may be because he has broken a rule based on the Torah, whereas here we are dealing with a rule of the Rabbis.