Keritot 20

Chapter 20

א מפוזרין הא אמרי רבנן לולד שני מניא אלא לאו ר' יהודה היא וש"מ חומרא אית ליה קולא לית ליה
1 a disconnected spell of time is an impossibility, for they hold that it is the second birth that is of avail.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' She will thus have to count the forty days from the second birth and the period of cleanness of the first is completely abolished.');"><sup>1</sup></span> It must, therefore, be in accordance with the view of R'Judah; and it proves that he upholds his view only if it leads to greater stringency, but not if it leads to greater leniency.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 77, n. 11.');"><sup>2</sup></span> R'Ashi, too, said: Come and hear: 'Six days' may mean both a connected and disconnected spell of time;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., if an abortion took place e.g., on the seventy-seventh day of the birth of a female, so that the days of impurity of the second birth supersede three of the days of the period of cleanness of the first birth. The question is again whether these three days are to be made up or not. The rest of the discussion is similar to that of the two previous ones.');"><sup>3</sup></span> therefore it is written 'sixty': as the si days are connected, so also the six. With whom does this conform?
ב ועוד אמר רב אשי ת"ש (ויקרא יב, ה) וששת ימים יכול בין רצופין ובין מפוזרין ת"ל ששים מה ששים כולן רצופין אף ששה כולן רצופין מני אלימא רבנן מי אית להו לרבנן מפוזרין האמרי רבנן לולד שני מניא
2 Shall I say with the Rabbis? Surely, according to the Rabbis a disconnected spell of time is an impossibility, for they hold it is the second birth that is of avail. It must therefore be according to R'Judah, and this proves that he upholds his view only if i leads to greater stringency but not if it leads to greater leniency. This is indeed proved. <big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>THE FOLLOWING PERSONS BRING AN OFFERING OF HIGHER OR LESSER VALUE:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., one which varies according to the pecuniary position of the owners; a rich person offers a lamb or goat, a poor person pigeons or turtle-doves, and a very poor person a meal-offering.');"><sup>4</sup></span> ONE WHO REFUSES TO GIVE EVIDENCE,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit. 'one who heard the call (of an oath) .' A person who refuses to give evidence, though called upon to do so by oath, or swearing falsely himself that he does not know the facts; Lev. V, 1.');"><sup>5</sup></span> ONE WHO HAS BROKEN THE WORD OF HIS LIPS [SUPPORTED BY AN OATH],<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'utterance of lips'; viz., a promise with reference to his own person, such as to fast, or an assurance of facts of the past, also with reference to his own person, e.g., that he fasted; Lev. V, 4.');"><sup>6</sup></span> ONE WHO WHILE UNCLEAN HAS ENTERED THE SANCTUARY OR HAS PARTAKEN OF HOLY THINGS,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. vv. 2-3. The transgression was committed in error. That an offering of higher or lesser value is offered in these three instances is stated in the text, v. 6ff. A rich person offers one lamb, a poor person two doves, a very poor person a meal-offering.');"><sup>7</sup></span>
ג אלא לאו רבי יהודה היא וש"מ חומרא אית ליה קולא לית ליה ש"מ:
3 A WOMAN AFTER CONFINEMENT<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XII, 6-8. A rich person offers one lamb and one dove, a poor person two doves.');"><sup>8</sup></span> AND A LEPER.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XIV, 10ff. A rich person offers three lambs, a poor person one lamb and two doves.');"><sup>9</sup></span>
ד <big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> אלו מביאין קרבן עולה ויורד על שמיעת קול ועל בטוי שפתים ועל טומאת מקדש וקדשיו והיולדת והמצורע:
4 <big><b>GEMARA: </b></big>Our Rabbis taught: Some bring the offering of the poor and of the rich, some of the poor, and some of the poorest. A woman after confinement brings the offering of the poor and of the rich,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Viz., one lamb and one dove.');"><sup>10</sup></span>
ה <big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> תנו רבנן יש מביא בדלות ועשירות ויש מביא בדלות ויש מביא בדלי דלות
5 a leper that of the poor,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Viz., two birds, prior to the other sacrifices.');"><sup>11</sup></span> while one who refuses to give evidence, or breaks his word, or defiles the Sanctuary or holy things offers the offering of the poor and of the poorest.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In these three cases the provision is made that the poorest offer but a meal-offering');"><sup>12</sup></span>
ו יולדת מביאה בדלות ועשירות מצורע מביא בדלות שמיעת הקול ובטוי שפתים וטומאת מקדש וקדשיו מביאין בדלות ודלי דלות
6 Another [Baraitha] taught: Sometimes one offering replaces<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In case of poverty.');"><sup>13</sup></span>
ז תניא אידך יש מביא אחד תחת אחד יש מביא שנים תחת שנים יש מביא שנים תחת אחד יש מביא אחד תחת שנים מכאן אתה למד לעשירית האיפה בפרוטה:
7 one, sometimes two replace two, sometimes two replace one and sometimes one replaces two; this teaches that the tenth of an ephah<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ephah is a measure. A tenth thereof is the quantity of the meal-offering offered by the poorest; Lev. V, 11.');"><sup>14</sup></span> is worth a perutah.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Glos. V. infra.');"><sup>15</sup></span>
ח יולדת מביאה אחת תחת אחת פרידה אחת ועוף תחת כבש מצורע שתי פרידין תחת שני כבשים שמיעת הקול ובטוי שפתים וטומאת מקדש וקדשיו מביאין ב' פרידין תחת כבשה אחת ומביאין בדלי דלות עשירית האיפה תחת שתי פרידין
8 The woman after confinement offers one instead of one, namely a single bird in the place of the lamb<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For her burnt-offering. As for her sin-offering a woman after confinement always brought a dove or a pigeon.');"><sup>16</sup></span> ; a leper offers two birds in the place of two lambs; one who refuses to give evidence or one who breaks his word or one who defiles the Sanctuary or holy things offers two birds instead of one lamb, and in the case of direst poverty one tenth of an ephah in the place of two birds. It says, 'This teaches that the tenth of an ephah is worth a perutah'.
ט קתני מכאן אתה למד לעשירית האיפה שהיא בפרוטה מנלן דת"ר האומר הרי עלי בסלע למזבח מביא כבש שאין דבר קרב בסלע אלא כבש
9 Whence do we know this? - Our Rabbis have taught: If one says, I vow an offering for the altar worth a sela', he offers a lamb, for no offerin can be offered for a sela' but a lamb. Whence do we know this? - Since the Divine Law stated that the ram of the guilt-offering is valued at two shekels,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. V, 15. The text uses shekels, plural; i.e., at least two.');"><sup>17</sup></span> from this we learn that a one-year old lamb is valued at one sela',<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A Biblical shekel is identical with a sela'.');"><sup>18</sup></span> for it is said,A lamb of the first year,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Num. VI, 12.');"><sup>19</sup></span> [from which follows that] a ram is of the second year.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A ram is more mature. It is assumed that the price has doubled with the doubling of the age.');"><sup>20</sup></span>
י ממאי מדאמר רחמנא (ויקרא ה, טו) איל אשם בכסף שקלים מכלל דכבש בן שנה בסלע מדכתיב (במדבר ו, יב) כבש בן שנתו ותנן עמדו קינין בו ביום ברבעתים
10 Then we have learnt:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. supra 8a.');"><sup>21</sup></span> 'The pair of sacrificial birds on that day stood at a quarter [of a denar]'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' One denar is the fourth of a sela'.');"><sup>22</sup></span> We thus see that the Divine Law has spared the poor and has fixed their sacrifice at the sixteenth part of that of the rich; we may then assume that the sacrifice of the poorest is to be the sixteenth part of that of the poor. Consequently the offering of the poor is worth a quarter of a denar. Since a quarter of a denar has forty-eight perutahs, a sixteenth thereof would be three perutahs, while it has been stated: 'This teaches that the tenth of an ephah is worth a perutah'.
יא ומדחס רחמנא עליה דדלות למיהוי חד משית עשר בעשירות חס רחמנא עליה דדלי דלות למיהוי חד משית עשר בדלות
11 Why a perutah?
יב א"כ דלות כמה הויא ריבעא וכמה פריטי בריבעא ארבעים ותמניא פריטי חד משית עשר כמה הוי דדלות תלתא פריטי
12 Did you not say the tenth of an ephah is the offering of the poorest and that this offering is worth one sixteenth part of that of the poor, which we found was three perutahs? - The Tanna derives his proportions from the instance of the woman after confinement, who offers in the place of a lamb one bird, the value of which<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Viz., the eighth of a denar.');"><sup>23</sup></span> is one thirty-second part of that of a lamb.
יג דקתני מכאן אתה למד לעשירית האיפה בפרוטה אמאי פרוטה האמרת עשירית האיפה דלי דלות הוא ואמרת חד משית סרי דדלות הוא דחשבינן דג' פריטי הויין
13 But is not the offering of th poorest still the sixteenth part of the poor,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The offering of the poorest is not provided in the instance of the woman after confinement but only in the cases of refused evidence, broken promise and defilement of the Sanctuary and holy things. In these instances two birds replace one lamb. The proportion of the offering of the rich and that of the poor is sixteen to one. The same proportion must then hold good with reference to the offering of the poorest towards that of the poor.');"><sup>24</sup></span> as it is inferred from the comparison of the lamb and the ram?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' From which we learn that a lamb is valued at a sela'.');"><sup>25</sup></span> The ephah should then be valued at a perutah and a half!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The offering of the poor being the thirty-second part of that of the rich and sixteen times the value of that of the poorest, is thus worth one and a half perutahs.');"><sup>26</sup></span> - Said Raba, All is derived from the instance of the woman after confinement in the following manner: Since the Divine Law has spared the poor and has fixed their sacrifice at one thirty-second part of that of the rich, as we find in the instance of the woman aft confinement, so we assume that the Divine Law has spared the poorest in fixing their sacrifice at the thirty-second part of that of the poor. If so, the ephah should be valued at three-quarters of a perutah! - Indeed, so it is, except that it is not becoming to offer to the Lord less than a perutah.
יד תנא מיולדת יליף דמתיא פרידה אחת תחת כבש דהוי חד מתלתין ותרין דכבש ועד כאן דלי דלות כמה הוי חד משית עשר בדלות דמהיכא יליף מכבש ואיל עד כאן פרוטה ופלגא הוי
14 <big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HANDMAID<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A bondwoman who is designated to a man chosen by her master; cf. Lev. XIX, 20.');"><sup>27</sup></span> AND THE FORBIDDEN CONNECTIONS<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Enumerated in Lev. XVIII.');"><sup>28</sup></span> FROM WHOM SHE DEVIATES BOTH IN REGARD TO THE PENALTY AND THE OFFERING? IN THE CASE OF ALL OTHER FORBIDDEN CONNECTIONS A SIN-OFFERING IS BROUGHT, IN THAT OF A HANDMAID A GUILT-OFFERING; IN THE CASE OF THE OTHER FORBIDDEN CONNECTIONS A FEMALE ANIMAL IS OFFERED, IN THAT OF THE HANDMAID A MALE; IN THE CASE OF THE OTHER FORBIDDEN CONNECTIONS MAN AND WOMAN ARE ALIKE IN RESPECT OF LASHES AND THE SACRIFICE,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., both partners are liable to lashes in the case of wilful transgression and to an offering in the case of transgression in error.');"><sup>29</sup></span>
טו אמר רבא כולה מילתא מיולדת יליף וה"ק מדחס רחמנא עליה דדלות למיהוי חד מתלתין ותרין בעשירות ומאי היא יולדת הכי חס רחמנא עליה דדלי דלות למיהוי חד מן תלתין ותרין בדלות
15 IN THAT OF THE HANDMAID THE MAN IS UNLIKE THE WOMAN REGARDING THE LASHES, AND THE WOMAN IS UNLIKE THE MAN REGARDING THE SACRIFICE;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the man is liable to a guilt-offering and the handmaid to lashes.');"><sup>30</sup></span> IN THE CASE OF ALL OTHER FORBIDDEN CONNECTIONS SEXUAL CONTACT<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the mere contact of the sexual organs is punishable, even though the connection was not consummated.');"><sup>31</sup></span> IS PUNISHABLE AS WELL AS CONSUMMATED CONNECTION, AND ONE IS GUILTY FOR EACH CONNECTION SEPARATELY;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' While in the case of the handmaid only a consummated connection is subject to the law, and one is not liable for each connection separately.');"><sup>32</sup></span> FINALLY THE CASE OF THE HANDMAID IS MORE STRINGENT
טז א"ה (נכי) ריבעא דפרוטה הוי ה"נ אלא דלאו אורח ארעא לאיתויי פחות מפרוטה למקום:
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יז <big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> מה בין שפחה לבין כל העריות שלא שוותה להן לא בעונש ולא בקרבן שכל העריות בחטאת ושפחה באשם כל העריות בנקבה ושפחה בזכר
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יח כל העריות אחד האיש ואחד האשה שוין במכות ובקרבן ובשפחה לא השוה לא האיש לאשה במכות ולא השוה אשה לאיש בקרבן
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יט כל העריות עשה בהן את המערה כגומר וחייב על כל ביאה וביאה
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כ זו חומר החמיר בשפחה
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