Kiddushin 51

Chapter 51

א אי נמי בחבילי זמורות:
1 Alternatively, [this refers] to bundles of faggots.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Not less than three handbreadths high. When he causes the elephant to step upon them, he is regarded as having lifted it.');"><sup>1</sup></span> <big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>PROPERTY WHICH OFFERS SECURITY<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Real estate which may be mortgaged for debts, and remain liable to seizure even if subsequently sold.');"><sup>2</sup></span> IS ACQUIRED BY MONEY, BY DEED OR BY HAZAKAH.
ב <big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> נכסים שיש להם אחריות נקנין בכסף ובשטר ובחזקה שאין להם אחריות אין נקנין אלא במשיכה נכסים שאין להם אחריות נקנין עם נכסים שיש להם אחריות בכסף ובשטר ובחזקה
2 [PROPERTY] WHICH DOES NOT OFFER SECURITY<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., movables, because the creditor cannot distrain upon them if sold.');"><sup>3</sup></span> CAN BE ACQUIRED ONLY BY MESHIKAH. PROPERTY WHICH DOES NOT OFFER SECURITY MAY BE ACQUIRED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PROPERTY WHICH PROVIDES SECURITY BY MONEY, DEED, OR HAZAKAH;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If one sells land and movables, as soon as the purchaser acquires the land by one of these three methods, the movables automatically become his. - Hazakah, lit., 'taking possession,' e.g., if the vendee performs some small labour therein, such as digging, threshing, closing or making a gap in its fences.');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ג וזוקקין את הנכסים שיש להם אחריות לישבע עליהן:
3 AND IT OBLIGATES THE PROPERTY WHICH PROVIDES SECURITY, TO TAKE AN OATH CONCERNING THEM.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In litigation over real estate, no oath is administered; whereas for movables it is. In a dispute concerning both, since an oath is taken for the latter, it is taken for the former too.');"><sup>5</sup></span> <big><b>GEMARA: </b></big>BY MONEY: Whence do we know it? - Said Hezekiah: Scripture saith, men shall acquire fields with money.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Jer. XXXII, 44.');"><sup>6</sup></span> Yet perhaps [the purchase is invalid] unless there is a deed [too], since it continues, and subscribe the deeds, and attest them? - Were 'acquire' written at the end, it would be as you say; now, however, that 'acquire' is written at the beginning,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., before the mention of deeds,');"><sup>7</sup></span>
ד <big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> בכסף מנלן אמר חזקיה אמר קרא (ירמיהו לב, מד) שדות בכסף יקנו ואימא עד דאיכא שטר דכתיב (ירמיהו לב, מד) וכתוב בספר וחתום אי כתיב יקנו לבסוף כדקאמרת השתא דכתיב יקנו מעיקרא כסף קני שטר ראיה בעלמא הוא
4 money gives a title, while the deed is merely evidence.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of the sale.');"><sup>8</sup></span> Rab said: This was taught only of a place where a deed is not indited; but where it is, money alone gives no title. Yet if he [the vendee] distinctly stipulates,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That either money or deed shall suffice. [Tosaf. Ri: either the vendor or buyer, whoever makes the terms, is at an advantage.]');"><sup>9</sup></span>
ה אמר רב לא שנו אלא במקום שאין כותבין את השטר אבל במקום שכותבין את השטר לא קנה ואי פריש פריש
5 it is so. E.g. , when R'Idi B'Abin bought land he used to say: 'If I wish, I acquire it by money; if I wish, I acquire it by deed.' [Thus:] 'If I wish, I acquire it by money,' so that should you desire to retract [after I have paid], you cannot.'
ו כי הא דרב אידי בר אבין כי זבין ארעא אמר אי בעינא בכספא איקני אי בעינא בשטרא איקני אי בעינא בכספא איקני דאי בעיתו למיהדר לא מציתו הדריתו ואי בעינא בשטרא איקני דאי בעינא למיהדר הדרנא בי:
6 And if I wish, I acquire it by deed,' so that should I desire to withdraw,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' After paying, but before the deed is drawn up.');"><sup>11</sup></span> I can. AND BY DEED.
ז ובשטר: מנלן אילימא משום דכתיב (ירמיהו לב, מד) וכתוב בספר וחתום והעד עדים והאמרת שטר ראיה בעלמא הוא אלא מהכא (ירמיהו לב, יא) ואקח את ספר המקנה אמר שמואל לא שנו אלא בשטר מתנה אבל במכר לא קנה עד שיתן לו דמים
7 How do we know it? Shall we say, because it is written, and subscribe the deeds, and attest them, and call witnesses<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Jer. XXXII, 44.');"><sup>12</sup></span> - but you have said that the deed is merely evidence? - But from this verse, so I took the deed of purchase.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 11; this shews that the deed itself consummates the purchase.');"><sup>13</sup></span>
ח מתיב רב המנונא בשטר כיצד כתב לו על הנייר או על החרס אע"פ. שאין בהם שוה פרוטה שדי מכורה לך שדי נתונה לך הרי זו מכורה ונתונה הוא מותיב לה והוא מפרק לה במוכר שדהו מפני רעתה
8 Samuel said: This was taught only of a deed of gift. But in the case of sale, no title is obtained until the money is paid.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Unless otherwise stipulated (Rashi) .');"><sup>14</sup></span> R'Hamnuna objected: By deed: E.g. , if he [the vendor] writes for him [the vendee] on paper or a shard,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Shards were used for this purpose in very ancient times: v. Krauss, T.A. 111, 147f, and n. 113a, 1.');"><sup>15</sup></span>
ט רב אשי אמר במתנה ביקש ליתנה לו ולמה כתב לו לשון מכר כדי ליפות את כוחו:
9 even if worth less than a perutah.' My field is sold unto you,' 'my field is given unto you,' it is sold and gifted!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus the deed suffices even for a sale. - The meaning is assumed to be, it is sold or gifted.');"><sup>16</sup></span> - He raised the objection.
י ובחזקה: מנלן אמר חזקיה אמר קרא (ירמיהו מ, י) ושבו בעריכם אשר תפשתם במה תפשתם בישיבה דבי ר' ישמעאל תנא (דברים יא, לא) וירשתם אותה וישבתם בה במה ירשתם בישיבה:
10 and he answered it: This refers to one who sells his field because of its poor quality.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Being anxious to get rid of it, he is desirous that the deed itself shall consummate the transaction, so that the vendee may not withdraw.');"><sup>17</sup></span> R'Ashi said: He really wished to present it to him as a gift; why then did he indite it with the phraseology of purchase? In order to strengthen his rights therein.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Should the donor's creditors seize it for debt, the recipient would be able to claim its value, as stated in the deed, from him. Hence it is literally meant: it is both sold and gifted.');"><sup>18</sup></span>
יא ושאין להם אחריות אין נקנין אלא במשיכה: מנלן דכתיב (ויקרא כה, יד) וכי תמכרו ממכר לעמיתך או קנה מיד עמיתך דבר הנקנה מיד ליד
11 AND BY HAZAKAH. How do we know it? - Said Hezekiah: Scripture saith, and dwell in the cities that ye have taken:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Jer. XL, 10.');"><sup>19</sup></span> how did ye take it?
יב ולר' יוחנן דאמר דבר תורה מעות קונות מאי איכא למימר תנא תקנתא דרבנן קתני:
12 By dwelling therein.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., by hazakah, possession.');"><sup>20</sup></span> The School of R'Ishmael taught: And ye shall possess it, and dwell therein:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XI, 31.');"><sup>21</sup></span> whereby shall ye possess it?
יג נכסים שאין להם אחריות: מנהני מילי אמר חזקיה דאמר קרא (דברי הימים ב כא, ג) ויתן להם אביהם מתנות וגו' עם ערי מצורות ביהודה
13 By dwelling therein. PROPERTY WHICH DOES NOT PROVIDE SECURITY CAN BE ACQUIRED ONLY BY MESHIKAH. Whence do we know it? - Because it is written, and if thou sell aught unto thy neighbour, or buy of thy neighbour's hand,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XXV, 14.');"><sup>22</sup></span>
יד איבעיא להו בעינן צבורים או לא אמר רב יוסף תא שמע ר' עקיבא אומר קרקע כל שהוא חייבת בפאה ובבכורים
14 [intimating] that an article is acquired [by passing] from hand to hand.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., by meshikah.');"><sup>23</sup></span> But according to R'Johanan, who maintained, By Biblical law, money gives a title,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the case of movables.');"><sup>24</sup></span> what can be said? - The Tanna teaches the Rabbinical enactment.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That only meshikah gives a title. The reason of the enactment was this: should money itself transfer the purchase to the vendee, even before he takes possession, and a fire break out on the vendor's premises where the goods lie, he will not trouble to save them. V. B.M. 47b.');"><sup>25</sup></span> PROPERTY WHICH DOES NOT PROVIDE SECURITY [etc.]. How do we know it? - Said Hezekiah, Because Scripture saith, And their father gave them gifts. with fenced cities in Judah.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Chron. XXI, 3; thus, they acquired the gifts, which were movables, in conjunction with the fenced cities, sc. real estate.');"><sup>26</sup></span> The scholars propounded: Need they [the movables] be heaped up [upon the land] or not?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When they are to be acquired along with it.');"><sup>27</sup></span> - Said R'Joseph, Come and hear: R'Akiba said: Land, whatever its size, is liable to pe'ah<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Glos.');"><sup>28</sup></span> and first fruits,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Deut. XXVI, 2.');"><sup>29</sup></span>
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