Niddah 100

צריכות מחשבה לכשיתלשו

it is necessary<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If they are to be rendered susceptible to food-uncleanness as human food. ');">¹</span>

קסבר

that he should intend them for the purpose<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To be used as human food. ');">²</span>

מחשבת חבור לא שמה מחשבה

after they had been detached; he being of the opinion that intention<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To be used as human food. ');">²</span>

אמר רבא

concerning attached [produce] is no valid intention. Raba observed: We also have learnt a rule to the same effect: Thirteen things have been said about the carrion of a clean bird, (and the following is one of them).<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The bracketed words are not in the cited Mishnah. ');">³</span>

אף אנן נמי תנינא י"ג דברים נאמרו בנבלת עוף טהור וזה אחד מהן צריכה מחשבה ואינה צריכה הכשר

It is necessary<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. prev. n. but one mut. mut. ');">⁴</span>

אלמא

that it should be intended for food but there is no need for it to be rendered<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By intentionally wetting it. ');">⁵</span>

מחשבת חיים לא שמה מחשבה הכא נמי מחשבת חבור לא שמה מחשבה

susceptible to uncleanness.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As is the case with other dry foodstuffs which must come in contact with liquids before they can be capable of contracting uncleanness. Toh. I, 1. ');">⁶</span>

רבי זירא אמר

Thus it is clearly evident that<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since intention is required when it is already carrion though a live bird is usually intended for food. ');">⁷</span>

הכא בגוזל שנפל מן הרום עסקינן דלא הוה קמן דלחשוב עליה

an intention concerning a live being is no valid intention; so also here<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Johanan's ruling. ');">⁸</span>

א"ל אביי

it must be said, that an intention concerning attached [produce]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which, analogous to a live animal, is not susceptible to uncleanness. ');">⁹</span>

תרנגולת שביבנה מאי איכא למימר

is no valid intention.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Support is thus adduced for R. Johanan's ruling. ');">¹⁰</span>

א"ל

R. Zera said:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The cited Mishnah affords no support to R. Johanan. ');">¹¹</span>

תרנגול ברא הוה

We are dealing here<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Mishnah of Toh. cited. ');">¹²</span>

אחיכו עליה

with a [flying] pigeon that dropped from on high, so that it was not before us<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' While it was yet alive. ');">¹³</span>

תרנגול ברא עוף טמא הוא ועוף טמא מי קמטמא

to enable one to have any intentions about it.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Hence the ruling that 'it is necessary that it should be intended for food' after it was carrion. Where, however, a live animal was intended to be used in due course as food no further intention is necessary after it had been killed, ');">¹⁴</span>

אמר להו אביי

Said Abaye to him:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Zera. ');">¹⁵</span>

גברא רבה אמר מילתא לא תחיכו עליה בתרנגולת שמרדה ומאי ברא דאיבראי ממרה

What can be said about the [case of the] hen of Jamnia?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which (v. infra) was in its owner's possession before it died and yet was regarded as a food for the sole reason that the Samaritans living there intended it as such after it was dead. ');">¹⁶</span>

רב פפא אמר

— That, the other<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Zera. ');">¹⁵</span>

תרנגולתא דאגמא הואי

replied, was a wild cock.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Not usually intended for food. Hence the necessity for intention after its death. ');">¹⁷</span>

רב פפא לטעמיה דאמר רב פפא

They laughed at him: A wild cock is an unclean bird and an unclean bird does not convey uncleanness!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Through one's oesophagus, v. Hul. 100b. Now since the uncleanness of the hen at Jamnia was conveyed through the oesophagus (sc. by the swallowing of it) it could not possibly have been a wild cock. ');">¹⁸</span>

תרנגול דאגמא אסור תרנגולתא דאגמא שריא וסימניך עמוני ולא עמונית

— 'When a great man', Abaye told them, 'said something, do not laugh at him. This was a case of a hen that ran away;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'rebelled', and thus was not before us while alive and for this reason intention would be necessary after it died. It was one of the young of this hen that dropped at Jamnia and gave rise to the discussion. ');">¹⁹</span>

דרש מרימר

and as to the meaning<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'and what', ');">²⁰</span>

תרנגולתא דאגמא אסירא

of "wild", it turned wild as far as its master was concerned'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'from its master'. As the bird in question was consequently a clean one it may well have conveyed uncleanness (as stated) through the oesophagus. ');">²¹</span>

חזיוה רבנן דדרסה ואכלה והיינו גירותא

R. Papa said: It was a field-hen.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Or 'a hen of the marshes', which in his opinion (v. infra) is a clean bird. ');">²²</span>

ת"ר גוזל שנפל לגת וחשב עליו להעלותו לכותי טמא לכלב טהור

R. Papa thus followed his known view. For R. Papa ruled, A field-cock is forbidden and a field-hen is permitted; and your mnemonic is 'A male Ammonite<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Is forbidden to enter the Assembly (cf. Deut. XXIII, 4). ');">²³</span>

ר' יוחנן בן נורי אומר

but not a female Ammonite'. Amemar laid down in his discourse that a field-hen is forbidden.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As food. ');">²⁴</span>

אף לכלב טמא

The Rabbis observed that it stamps on its prey<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the manner of birds of prey. ');">²⁵</span>

א"ר יוחנן בן נורי

when eating it;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' No clean birds eat in this manner. ');">²⁶</span>

ק"ו אם מטמא טומאה חמורה שלא במחשבה לא יטמא טומאה קלה שלא במחשבה

and it is this bird that is known as <i>girutha</i>.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Presumably the moor-hen. The girutha is an unclean bird (cf. Hul. 109b). ');">²⁷</span>

אמרו לו

Our Rabbis taught: If a pigeon<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A clean bird. ');">²⁸</span>

לא אם אמרת בטומאה חמורה שכן אינה יורדת לכך תאמר בטומאה קלה שכן יורדת לכך

fell into a winepress<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Where it got crushed and died, becoming repulsive for eating. ');">²⁹</span>

אמר להן

and it was intended to pick it up for a Samaritan,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To give it to him to eat. ');">³⁰</span>

תרנגולת שביבנה תוכיח שיורדת לכך וטמאוה שלא במחשבה

it is unclean;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Food-uncleanness. It conveys uncleanness to other foodstuffs through contact, without being rendered susceptible. ');">³¹</span>

אמרו לו

but if it was intended for a dog it is clean,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Such an intention being invalid. ');">³²</span>

משם ראיה

R. Johanan b. Nuri<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Holding that no intention is required (v. infra). ');">³³</span>

כותים היו שם וחשבו עליה לאכילה

ruled, Even if intended for a dog it is unclean.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Food-uncleanness. It conveys uncleanness to other foodstuffs through contact, without being rendered susceptible. ');">³¹</span>

במאי עסקינן

R. Johanan b. Nuri argued: This is arrived at a minori ad majus. If it<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The pigeon. ');">³⁴</span>

אילימא בכרכים למה לה מחשבה

conveys a major uncleanness,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The uncleanness of the person and the clothes worn by him when he ate it. ');">³⁵</span>

והתנן

though there was no intention,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When, for instance, the man was unaware that he was eating that particular pigeon. ');">³⁶</span>

נבלת בהמה טהורה בכל מקום ונבלת עוף טהור והחלב בכרכים אין צריכין לא מחשבה ולא הכשר

should it not convey a minor uncleanness<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That of food and drink by means of contact. ');">³⁷</span>

אלא בכפרים ומי איכא למ"ד דלא בעיא מחשבה

though there was no intention? They answered him: No; if you maintain your view in the case of a major uncleanness, which never descends to that,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is explained presently. ');">³⁸</span>

והתנן

would you also maintain it in the case of a minor uncleanness which does descend to that?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is explained presently. ');">³⁸</span>

נבלת בהמה טמאה בכל מקום ונבלת עוף טהור בכפרים צריכה מחשבה ואינה צריכה הכשר

He replied: the hen of Jamnia proves my contention, for it descends to that and, though there was no intention, it was declared unclean. 'From there', they retorted, 'is your proof? In that place there were Samaritans and it was intended that they shall eat it.' Now with what case are we dealing here? If it be suggested with big cities [the objection would arise]: What need was there for intention, seeing that we have learnt: The carcass of a clean beast anywhere<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Even in a village where there are not many consumers. ');">³⁹</span>

א"ר זעירא בר חנינא

and the carcass of a clean bird and forbidden fat in large towns<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Where consumers are many and any sort of food finds buyers. ');">⁴⁰</span>

לעולם בכרך וגתו מאסתו ועשאתו ככפר

require neither intention nor to be rendered susceptible.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'Uk. III, 3; since a clean beast is usually intended for food both in town and in villages while the carcass of a clean bird and forbidden fat would find consumers in large towns only but not in villages (cf. prev. two notes). Intention, therefore, is required in the latter case but not in the former. ');">⁴¹</span>

א"ר יוחנן בן נורי

If, however, it is suggested: Of villages, [the difficulty arises:] Is there any authority who maintains that in this case no intention is required, seeing that we have learnt: The carcass of an unclean beast<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which is not usually eaten. ');">⁴²</span>

קל וחומר אם מטמאה טומאה חמורה שלא במחשבה לא תטמא טומאה קלה שלא במחשבה

anywhere<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Even in large towns, ');">⁴³</span>

אמרו לו

and the carcass of a clean bird in villages<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Where consumers are few. ');">⁴⁴</span>

לא אם אמרת בטומאה חמורה שכן אינה יורדת לכך

require<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since they are not usually eaten. ');">⁴⁵</span>

מאי אינה יורדת לכך

intention<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To enable them to convey uncleanness. In the case of the former, uncleanness is conveyed even in the absence of intention provided its bulk was no less than that of an olive. The intention, however, avails where the bulk of carcass was less than that of an olive and that of other food was less than the bulk of an egg. In such a case the two quantities combine to form together the prescribed bulk of an egg which contracts uncleanness through contact with a dead creeping thing. ');">⁴⁶</span>

אמר רבא הכי קאמרי ליה

but need not be rendered susceptible?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since they would eventually be subject to a major uncleanness. ');">⁴⁷</span>

לא אם אמרת

— R. Ze'ira b. Hanina replied: We are in fact dealing with an incident in a big city, but<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The reason why the Rabbis require intention. ');">⁴⁸</span> the winepress caused it<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The pigeon. ');">⁴⁹</span> to be objectionable<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that it is not so very suitable for consumption. ');">⁵⁰</span> and thus caused the town to be regarded as a village. 'R. Johanan b. Nuri argued: This is arrived at a minori ad majus. If it conveys a major uncleanness, though there was no intention, should it not convey a minor uncleanness though there was no intention? They answered him: No; if you maintain your view in the case of a major uncleanness which never descends to that.' What is meant by 'it never descends to that'? — Raba replied: It is this that they<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Rabbis. ');">⁵¹</span> in effect said to him,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Johanan b. Nuri. ');">⁵²</span> 'No; if you maintain your view