Niddah 11

Chapter 11

א כמגע עצמה מה מגע עצמה מטמא אדם לטמא בגדים אף משכבה ומושבה מטמא אדם לטמא בגדים
1 are [as unclean] as that which touches the body of the menstruant herself; just as the touching of her body causes the uncleanness of a human being who in turn causes the uncleanness of the clothes he wears<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Torath kohanim on Lev. XV, 19. ');"><sup>1</sup></span>
ב תניא כוותיה דרבא הרואה דם מטמאה מעת לעת ומה היא מטמאה משכבות ומושבות אוכלין ומשקין וכלי חרס המוקף צמיד פתיל ואינה מקולקלת למנינה ואינה מטמאה את בועלה למפרע ר' עקיבא אומר מטמאה את בועלה ואינה מונה אלא משעה שראתה
2 so does the touching of her bed or seat cause the uncleanness of a human being who in turn causes the uncleanness of the clothes he wears. It was taught in agreement with Raba: A woman who observed a bloodstain<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So BaH. and MS.M. Cur. edd. 'blood'. ');"><sup>2</sup></span> conveys uncleanness retrospectively.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. prev. n. (Cur. edd. read 'twenty-four hours'), from the time the garment was last washed, it being unknown how soon after this the stain was made. ');"><sup>3</sup></span> And what are the things to which she conveys the uncleanness?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' During the period mentioned (cf. prev. n.). ');"><sup>4</sup></span> Foodstuffs and drinks,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which she touched (cf. foll. n.). ');"><sup>5</sup></span> beds and seats,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' On which she lay or sat. (Cur. edd. reverse the order.) ');"><sup>6</sup></span> as well as any earthen vessel, even though it was covered with a tightly fitting lid,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Provided the woman shook the vessel and did not merely touch it. ');"><sup>7</sup></span>
ג הרואה כתם מטמאה למפרע ומה היא מטמאה אוכלין ומשקין משכבות ומושבות וכלי חרס המוקף צמיד פתיל ומקולקלת למנינה ומטמאה את בועלה ואינה מונה אלא משעה שראתה
3 and her counting<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of the 'eleven days' following the seven days of a menstrual period. ');"><sup>8</sup></span> is<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cur. edd. 'is not'. ');"><sup>9</sup></span>
ד וזה וזה תולין לא אוכלין ולא שורפין
4 disturbed,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So MS.M and Rashi; because it is unknown when the flow actually appeared and the limits of the menstruation period cannot consequently be determined. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
ה ורבא אי שמיע ליה מתניתא לימא מתניתא ואי לא שמיע ליה מתניתא קל וחומר מנא ליה
5 and she conveys<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cur. edd. 'does not convey'. ');"><sup>11</sup></span> uncleanness to the man who cohabited with her retrospectively. R. Akiba<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' MS.M inserts R. Akiba's ruling infra before 'In either case, however'. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
ו לעולם שמיע ליה מתניתא ואי ממתניתא הוה אמינא או אדם או בגדים אבל אדם ובגדים לא משום הכי קאמר ק"ו
6 ruled: She conveys uncleanness to the man who cohabited with her but begins her counting<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of the seven days of menstruation. ');"><sup>13</sup></span> from the time only of her observing a flow. If she observed a flow of blood,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So BaH. and MS.M. Cur. edd., 'stain'. ');"><sup>14</sup></span>
ז אמר רב הונא מעת לעת שבנדה לקדש אבל לא לתרומה אי הכי ליתני גבי מעלות כי קתני היכא דאית ליה דררא דטומאה אבל היכא דלית ליה דררא דטומאה לא קתני
7 she conveys uncleanness retrospectively for twenty-four hours.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' BaH. and MS.M. Cur. edd. omit 'for twenty-four hours'. ');"><sup>15</sup></span> And what are the things to which she conveys uncleanness?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' During the period mentioned. ');"><sup>16</sup></span> Foodstuffs and drinks,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which she touched. ');"><sup>17</sup></span> beds and seats<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' On which she lay and sat. ');"><sup>18</sup></span>
ח מיתיבי מה היא מטמאה אוכלין ומשקין מאי לאו בין דקדש בין דתרומה לא דקדש
8 as well as any earthen vessel, though it was covered with a tightly fitting lid,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Provided the woman shook the vessel and did not merely touch it. ');"><sup>19</sup></span> her counting<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of the 'eleven days' following the seven days of a menstrual period. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> is not<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. Rashi and MS.M. Cur. edd. omit 'not'. ');"><sup>21</sup></span> disturbed and she does not convey<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So MS.M. Cur. edd., 'she conveys'. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> uncleanness to the man who cohabited with her.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cur. edd. add, 'but begins her counting from the time only of her observing of the flow'. ');"><sup>23</sup></span>
ט תא שמע רבי יהודה אומר אף בשעת עברתן מלאכול בתרומה והוינן בה מאי דהוה הוה
9 In either case, however,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Whether there was only a stain or a flow. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> the uncleanness<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' During the period mentioned. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> is held in suspense [and any consecrated foodstuffs touched] must neither be eaten nor burned.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus it has been shown that, in agreement with Raba, the Baraitha tacitly assumes that the beds and seats under discussion convey uncleanness not only to the man who came in contact with them but also to the clothes he wears (cf. Tosaf. Asheri a.l.). ');"><sup>26</sup></span> As to Raba, however,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who (supra 5b ad fin.) took the law of the uncleanness of an earthen vessel for granted and deduced from it that of the bed. ');"><sup>27</sup></span>
י אמר רב חסדא לא נצרכה אלא לתקן שירים שבפניה
10 if he heard of the Baraitha,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That was just cited, in which the law of the earthen vessel is explicitly enunciated. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> why did he not say [that his ruling is derived from] a Baraitha? And if he did not hear of the Baraitha, whence did he [derive the law for his inference] a minori ad majus? — The fact is that he heard of the Baraitha, but<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As to the reason why he did not quote it. ');"><sup>29</sup></span>
יא רב הונא מתני לישרוף שירים שבידיה שבדקה עצמה כשיעור וסת
11 were he to derive his ruling from the Baraitha it could have been objected [that the uncleanness<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of the bed or seat. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> is conveyed] either to the man or to his clothes<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Whichever of them came in contact with the unclean object. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> but not to the man as well as to the clothes he wears,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which did not come in direct contact with the seat or the bed. ');"><sup>32</sup></span>
יב ת"ש מעשה ועשה רבי כר"א
12 hence he had recourse to his inference a minori ad majus.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' From an earthenware vessel. ');"><sup>33</sup></span>
יג לאחר שנזכר אמר כדי הוא ר"א לסמוך עליו
13 R. Huna ruled: [The retrospective uncleanness during] the twenty-four hours [preceding the observation] of a menstrual flow is conveyed only to hallowed things but not to <i>terumah</i>. But if so, should not this law have been mentioned together with those of the other grades [of sanctity]?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In Hag. 20b where are enumerated the restrictions that are applicable to hallowed things and not to terumah and vice versa. ');"><sup>34</sup></span> — Only cases that involve definite uncleanness are enumerated but any in which no definite uncleanness is involved<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Such as that of the twenty-four hours' period under discussion where the uncleanness is merely a preventive measure. ');"><sup>35</sup></span> is not mentioned. An objection was raised: What are the things to which she conveys uncleanness? Foodstuffs and drinks.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Supra, in the Baraitha last cited. ');"><sup>36</sup></span> Does not this<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'Foodstuffs and drinks'. ');"><sup>37</sup></span> mean those that are hallowed as well as those that are <i>terumah</i>? — No, only those that are hallowed.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The oil of a meal-offering, for instance, or the wine of libation. ');"><sup>38</sup></span> Come and hear: R. Judah ruled [that priestly women must examine their bodies] even after they have concluded a meal<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'at the time of their passing away from eating'. ');"><sup>39</sup></span> of <i>terumah</i>;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Infra 11a. ');"><sup>40</sup></span> and the point raised, 'Is not the consumed meal a matter of the past?'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'what has been, has been', sc. what is the use of an examination after the meal has been consumed when nothing can be done even if the woman were to be found unclean. ');"><sup>41</sup></span> [And to this] R. Hisda replied: This<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The examination. ');"><sup>42</sup></span> was necessary only for the sake of ensuring the fitness of the remnants before her?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Should a woman, for instance, discover a flow later in the day the examination after her morning meal would ensure the cleanness of the terumah that remained from that meal. Thus it follows that in the absence of an examination the terumah would be deemed to be unclean retrospectively. How, then, could R. Huna maintain that the uncleanness is conveyed to hallowed things only? ');"><sup>43</sup></span> — R. Huna reads:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In place of R. Hisda's version of R. Judah's meaning. ');"><sup>44</sup></span> 'To burn the remnants that were in her hands',<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sc., if she finds herself on examination to be unclean the remnants of her meal, since she touched them, are deemed to be unclean and, as unclean terumah must be burned. ');"><sup>45</sup></span> the examination being held immediately after<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Heb. Keshi'ur weseth (v. Rashi). Evthion (Tosaf. Asheri) [G], 'forthwith' (cf. Jast.). ');"><sup>46</sup></span> [the meal].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that it may be taken for granted that the terumah she had just handled had come in contact with a confirmed menstruant. Where, however, the woman held no examination immediately after her meal, a subsequent discovery of a place causes no retrospective uncleanness to the terumah she handled. ');"><sup>47</sup></span> Come and hear: It once happened that Rabbi acted<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the case of a young woman who did not suffer a flow during three consecutive periods (of thirty days each). ');"><sup>48</sup></span> in accordance with the ruling of R. Eliezer,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That the period of uncleanness is to be reckoned from the discovery of the flow and not retrospectively. The Rabbis who differ from R. Eliezer hold this ruling to apply to an old woman only (whose senility might be assumed to be the cause of the irregularity) but not to a young one (cf. prev. n.). ');"><sup>49</sup></span> and after he reminded himself<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is discussed presently. ');"><sup>50</sup></span> he observed, 'R. Eliezer deserves to be relied upon