Niddah 90

Chapter 90

א לכשיגדיל יבעול ויתן גט
1 when HE ATTAINS HIS MAJORITY he shall cohabit with her<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus, being of age, affecting valid kinyan of marriage. ');"><sup>1</sup></span>
ב <big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> בת אחת עשרה שנה ויום א' נדריה נבדקין בת שתים עשרה שנה ויום א' נדריה קיימין ובודקין כל שתים עשרה
2 and give her a divorce.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Being now in all respects her lawful husband, halizah is no longer necessary. ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ג בן שתים עשרה שנה ויום אחד נדריו נבדקין בן י"ג שנה ויום אחד נדריו קיימין ובודקין כל שלש עשרה
3 <b><i>MISHNAH</i></b>. THE VOWS OF A GIRL OF THE AGE OF ELEVEN YEARS AND ONE DAY MUST BE EXAMINED;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To ascertain whether the girl was aware of their significance. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ד קודם לזמן הזה אע"פ שאמרו יודעין אנו לשם מי נדרנו לשם מי הקדשנו אין נדריהם נדר ואין הקדשן הקדש לאחר הזמן הזה אע"פ שאמרו אין אנו יודעין לשם מי נדרנו לשם מי הקדשנו נדרן נדר והקדשן הקדש
4 THE VOWS OF ONE WHO IS OF THE AGE OF TWELVE YEARS AND ONE DAY ARE VALID;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' No examination being necessary. ');"><sup>4</sup></span> AND THROUGHOUT THE TWELFTH YEAR THEY ARE TO BE EXAMINED.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To ascertain whether the girl was aware of their significance. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ה <big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> וכיון דתנא בת אחת עשרה שנה ויום א' נדריה נבדקין בת י"ב שנה ויום א' נדריה קיימין למה לי סד"א בודקין לעולם קמ"ל
5 THE VOWS OF A BOY OF THE AGE OF TWELVE YEARS AND ONE DAY MUST BE EXAMINED;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. prev. n. but one, mut. mut. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> THE VOWS OF ONE WHO IS OF THE AGE OF THIRTEEN YEARS AND ONE DAY ARE VALID; AND THROUGHOUT THE THIRTEENTH YEAR THEY ARE TO BE EXAMINED.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. prev. n. but one, mut. mut. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> PRIOR TO THIS AGE,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The first day of the twelfth year in the case of a girl and the first day of the thirteenth year in that of a boy. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ו וכיון דתני בת י"ב שנה ויום אחד נדריה קיימין בודקין כל שתים עשרה למה לי סלקא דעתך אמינא הואיל ואמר מר ל' יום בשנה חשובים שנה היכא דבדקנא ל' ולא ידעה להפלות אימא תו לא ליבדוק קמ"ל
6 EVEN THOUGH THEY SAID, 'WE KNOW IN HONOUR OF WHOSE NAME WE HAVE MADE OUR VOW' OR 'IN HONOUR OF WHOSE NAME WE HAVE MADE OUR DEDICATION', THEIR VOW<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since they are still minors. ');"><sup>7</sup></span> IS NO VALID VOW AND THEIR DEDICATION IS NO VALID DEDICATION. SUBSEQUENT TO THIS AGE,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Twelve years and a day in the case of a girl and thirteen years and a day in that of a boy when they respectively attain their majority. ');"><sup>8</sup></span> EVEN THOUGH THEY SAID, 'WE DO NOT KNOW IN THE HONOUR OF WHOSE NAME WE HAVE MADE OUR VOW' OR 'IN HONOUR OF WHOSE NAME WE HAVE MADE OUR DEDICATION', THEIR VOW IS A VALID VOW AND THEIR DEDICATION IS A VALID DEDICATION. <b><i>GEMARA</i></b>. But since it was stated, THE VOWS OF A GIRL OF THE AGE OF ELEVEN YEARS AND ONE DAY MUST BE EXAMINED,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' From which it might well be inferred that at a later age her vows are valid and no examination is necessary. ');"><sup>9</sup></span>
ז ולתני הני תרתי בבי בת י"ב שנה ויום א' נדריה קיימין ובודקין כל י"ב בת אחת עשרה ויום א' נדריה נבדקין למה לי
7 what need was there for stating, THE VOWS OF ONE WHO IS OF THE AGE OF TWELVE YEARS AND ONE DAY ARE VALID? — It might have been presumed that henceforth they must always be examined,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And that the age of eleven years and one day is only the limit below which even an examination does not establish the validity of a vow. ');"><sup>10</sup></span> hence we were informed that after the age of twelve years and a day the vows are invariably valid. But since it was stated, THE VOWS OF ONE WHO IS OF THE AGE OF TWELVE YEARS AND ONE DAY ARE VALID,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And it has previously been stated that from the age of eleven years and one day vows must be examined. ');"><sup>11</sup></span>
ח איצטריך סד"א סתמא בשתים עשרה בעיא בדיקה באחת עשרה לא בעיא בדיקה והיכא דחזינן לה דחריפא טפי מיבדקה באחת עשרה קמ"ל
8 what need was there for stating, AND THROUGHOUT THE TWELFTH YEAR THEY ARE TO BE EXAMINED?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A ruling which evidently follows (cf. prev. n.) from the previous statements. ');"><sup>12</sup></span> — It might have been presumed that, since a Master has laid down that 'Thirty days of a year are counted as a full year', where we examined her vows during a period of thirty days<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The first of the twelfth year. ');"><sup>13</sup></span> and she knew not how to express their significance,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus revealing her mental incapacity. ');"><sup>14</sup></span>
ט קודם הזמן הזה ואחר הזמן הזה למה לי סד"א הנ"מ היכא דלא קאמרי אינהו אבל היכא דקאמרי אינהו נסמוך עלייהו קמ"ל
9 no further examinations<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' During the remaining months of that year. ');"><sup>15</sup></span> should be held<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' On the assumption that the examinations during the thirty days have established for the rest of that year that her mental state was that of a minor. ');"><sup>16</sup></span> hence we were informed that her vows are to be examined all through the twelfth year. Then let the last two cases be stated, THE VOWS OF ONE WHO IS OF THE AGE OF TWELVE YEARS AND ONE DAY ARE VALID, AND THROUGHOUT THE TWELFTH YEAR THEY ARE TO BE EXAMINED, but<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In view of the explicit statement that examinations are conducted throughout the twelfth year. ');"><sup>17</sup></span>
י ת"ר אלו דברי רבי ר"ש בן אלעזר אומר דברים האמורים בתינוקת בתינוק אמורים דברים האמורים בתנוק בתנוקת אמורים
10 what was the need for the statement, THE VOWS OF A GIRL OF THE AGE OF ELEVEN YEARS AND ONE DAY MUST BE EXAMINED? — It was required: Since it might have been suggested that as a rule examination was necessary in the twelfth year and unnecessary in the eleventh year, but that where we see that the girl is particularly bright she might also be examined in the eleventh year,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And if she shows sufficient mental development her vows are valid even at that early age. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> we were informed that the period of examination invariably begins at the age of eleven years and one day. What was the need<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In view of the earlier statements. ');"><sup>19</sup></span> for stating, PRIOR TO THIS AGE and SUBSEQUENT TO THIS AGE? — It might have been presumed that the previous rulings<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' On the limits of minority and majority. ');"><sup>20</sup></span>
יא א"ר חסדא מ"ט דרבי דכתיב (בראשית ב׳:כ״ב ) ויבן ה' [אלהים] את הצלע מלמד שנתן הקב"ה בינה יתירה באשה יותר מבאיש
11 applied only where the children themselves spontaneously say nothing<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sc. they do not claim 'we know' when they are under the age limit or 'we do not know' when they are above the limit. ');"><sup>21</sup></span> but that where they do assert spontaneous opinion<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. Prev. n. mut. mut. ');"><sup>22</sup></span>
יב ואידך ההוא מבעי ליה לכדריש לקיש דאמר ריש לקיש משום ר"ש בן מנסיא ויבן ה' [אלהים] את הצלע אשר לקח מן האדם לאשה ויביאה אל האדם מלמד שקלעה הקב"ה לחוה והביאה אצל אדם הראשון שכן בכרכי הים קורין לקלעיתא בנייתא
12 we may rely upon them, hence we were informed that even their own assertions do not affect the age limits. Our Rabbis taught: These<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The statements on the respective age limits of a boy and a girl, according to which the latter matures earlier than the former. ');"><sup>23</sup></span>
יג ור"ש בן אלעזר מ"ט אמר רב שמואל בר רב יצחק מתוך שהתינוק מצוי בבית רבו נכנסת בו ערמומית תחלה
13 are the rulings of Rabbi. R. Simeon b. Eleazar stated, The age limits that were assigned to the girl apply to the boy while those assigned to the boy apply to the girl.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The boy, in his opinion, maturing earlier. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> R. Hisda stated: What is Rabbi's reason? Because it is written in Scripture, And the Lord God built<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Wa-yiben. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> the rib<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gen. II, 22. E.V., And the rib… made He. ');"><sup>26</sup></span>
יד איבעיא להו תוך זמן כלפני זמן או כלאחר זמן
14 which teaches that the Holy One, blessed be He, endowed the woman with more understanding<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Binah, of a root that is analogous to that of wa-yiben (prev. n. but one). ');"><sup>27</sup></span> than the man. And the other?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Simeon b. Eleazar; how in view of this deduction can he maintain his view? ');"><sup>28</sup></span>
טו למאי הלכתא אי לנדרים לאו כלפני זמן דמיא ולאו כלאחר זמן דמיא
15 — He requires that text<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Wa-yiben. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> for the same deduction as the one made by Resh Lakish, for Resh Lakish citing R. Simeon b. Menasya stated, And the lord God built the rib which he took from the man into a woman, and he brought her unto the man,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gen. II, 22. E.V., And the rib&nbsp;… made He. ');"><sup>29</sup></span>
טז אלא לעונשין מאי רב ור' חנינא דאמרי תרווייהו תוך זמן כלפני זמן ר' יוחנן ור' יהושע בן לוי דאמרי תרווייהו תוך זמן כלאחר זמן
16 teaches that the Holy One, blessed be He, plaited Eve's hair and then brought her to Adam, for in the sea-towns they describe net-work as binyatha.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'Building'. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> But what is R. Simeon b. Eleazar's reason? — R. Samuel son of R. Isaac replied: As a boy frequents the house of his teacher his subtlety<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Or 'shrewdness'. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> develops earlier.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'enters into him first'. ');"><sup>32</sup></span>
יז אמר רב נחמן בר יצחק וסימניך (רות ד, ז) וזאת לפנים בישראל
17 It was asked: Is the intervening period<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' From the age of eleven years and a day to that of twelve years and a day and from twelve years and a day to thirteen years and a day in the case of a girl and a boy respectively. ');"><sup>33</sup></span> regarded as that of under, or of over age?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'as before time or as after time'. ');"><sup>34</sup></span>
יח מתיב רב המנונא אחר זמן הזה אע"פ שאמרו אין אנו יודעים לשם מי נדרנו לשם מי הקדשנו נדריהם נדר והקדשן הקדש הא תוך זמן כלפני זמן
18 — In respect of what law could this matter: If in that of vows, it is neither regarded as that of under age nor as that of over age?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As stated supra. ');"><sup>35</sup></span> — Rather in respect of punishments.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And in the case where the boy or the girl had grown two pubic hairs. In the absence of these, even one of age is exempt from punishments. ');"><sup>36</sup></span>
יט אמר ליה רבא אימא רישא קודם הזמן הזה אע"פ שאמרו יודעים אנו לשם מי נדרנו לשם מי הקדשנו אין נדריהם נדר ואין הקדשן הקדש הא תוך זמן כלאחר זמן
19 Now what is the ruling? — Both Rab and R. Hanina replied: The intervening period is regarded as that of under age.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And exempt from punishment. ');"><sup>37</sup></span> Both R. Johanan and R. Joshua b. Levi replied: The intervening period is regarded as that of over age. Said R. Nahman b. Isaac: Your mnemonic<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' An aid to the recollection of the respective authorship of the two views just expressed. ');"><sup>38</sup></span>
כ ולא היא רבא קטעי הוא סבר רב המנונא ממשנה יתירה קדייק ואדדייק מסיפא לידוק מרישא
20 is: Now this was the custom in former time in Israel.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Joshua b. Levi was a Levite, whilst Rab and R. Hanina were Israelites; and those who were 'in Israel' (Israelites) gave former time' which recalls 'before time' ('under age') as their ruling (Tosaf. Asheri). ');"><sup>39</sup></span> R. Hamnuna raised an objection:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Against R. Johanan and R. Joshua b. Levi. ');"><sup>40</sup></span> SUBSEQUENT TO THIS AGE, EVEN THOUGH THEY SAID, WE DO NOT KNOW IN HONOUR OF WHOSE NAME WE HAVE MADE OUR VOW' OR 'IN HONOUR OF WHOSE NAME WE HAVE MADE OUR DEDICATION' THEIR VOW IS A VALID VOW AND THEIR DEDICATION IS A VALID DEDICATION. Thus<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Emphasizing SUBSEQUENT. ');"><sup>41</sup></span>
כא ולא היא רב המנונא מגופא דמתניתין קא דייק הא לאחר זמן היכי דמי אי דלא אייתי שתי שערות קטן הוא אלא לאו דאייתי שתי שערות
21 it follows, does it not, that the intervening period is regarded as that of under age? Said Raba to him, Read then the first clause: PRIOR TO THIS AGE, EVEN THOUGH THEY SAID, 'WE KNEW IN HONOUR OF WHOSE NAME WE HAVE MADE OUR VOW' OR 'IN HONOUR OF WHOSE NAME WE HAVE MADE OUR DEDICATION', THEIR VOW IS NO VALID VOW AND THEIR DEDICATION IS NO VALID DEDICATION. Thus<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Emphasis on PRIOR. ');"><sup>42</sup></span> it follows, does it not, that the intervening period is regarded as that of over age? — This, however, is no argument, Raba having laboured under a misapprehension. He thought that R. Hamnuna drew his inference from a Mishnah redundancy,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sc. the apparent superfluity of the rulings PRIOR TO THIS AGE etc. and SUBSEQUENT TO etc. discussed and explained supra. ');"><sup>43</sup></span> [hence he argued that] instead of drawing an inference from the final clause he might as well have drawn one from the first clause; but this was not the case. R. Hamnuna in fact drew his inference from the very wording<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'from the body'. ');"><sup>44</sup></span> of our Mishnah. How [he reasoned] is one to understand the expression of 'SUBSEQUENT TO THAT AGE'? If by that time one had not yet grown two hairs, one would, surely, still be a minor.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' How then could it be ruled, THEIR VOW IS VALID etc. ');"><sup>45</sup></span> Consequently it must refer to one who had grown two hairs,