Rosh Hashanah 13

הא בבעל מום

the other of an animal with a blemish.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which can be eaten as ordinary non-sacrificial flesh,');">¹</span> Can a blemished animal be eaten [on the day of birth]?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Perhaps it has been born prematurely and cannot survive, v. Shab. 135b.');">²</span>

בעל מום מי מצי אכיל ליה דקים ליה ביה שכלו לו חדשיו

[We speak of one] of which we know for certain that it has not been born prematurely.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'that its months have been completed'.');">³</span> Our Rabbis taught: On the first of Nisan is New Year for months,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the order of months commences with Nisan.');">⁴</span>

ת"ר באחד בניסן ראש השנה לחדשים ולעיבורין ולתרומת שקלים וי"א אף לשכירות בתים

for leap-years,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. infra.');">⁵</span> and for the offering of shekalim;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For first using for the purchase of congregational sacrifices the shekalim that were collected in Adar. Cf. Meg. 29b.');">⁶</span>

לחדשים מנלן דכתיב (שמות יב, ב) החדש הזה לכם ראש חדשים ראשון הוא לכם לחדשי השנה דברו אל כל עדת ישראל לאמר בעשור לחדש הזה ויקחו להם איש שה לבית אבות שה לבית והיה לכם למשמרת עד ארבעה עשר יום לחדש הזה ושחטו אותו וגו' וכתיב (דברים טז, א) שמור את חדש האביב איזהו חדש שיש בו אביב הוי אומר זה ניסן וקרי ליה ראשון

some say, also for the renting of houses.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. infra.');">⁷</span> 'New Year for months': whence do we know this? - Because it is written, This month shall be unto you the beginning of months, it shall be the first month of the year to you.

ואימא אייר בעינא אביב וליכא ואימא אדר בעינא רוב אביב וליכא מידי רוב אביב כתיב

Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel saying, In the tenth day of this month they shall take unto then: every man a lamb, according to their fathers' houses, a lamb for a household. and ye shall keep it until the fourteenth day of the same month, and they shall kill it<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XII, 2-6. Only the first of these verses need have been quoted.');">⁸</span>

אלא אמר רב חסדא מהכא (ויקרא כג, לט) אך בחמשה עשר יום לחדש השביעי באספכם את תבואת הארץ איזהו חדש שיש בו אסיפה הוי אומר זה תשרי וקא קרי ליה שביעי

etc. It is also written [elsewhere],<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In connection with the Passover.');">⁹</span> Observe the month of Abib<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XVI, 1.');">¹⁰</span>

ואימא מרחשון ומאי שביעי שביעי לאייר בעינא אסיף וליכא ואימא אלול ומאי שביעי שביעי לאדר בעינא רוב אסיף וליכא מידי רוב אסיף כתיב

[springing corn]. Now which is the month in which there is springing corn?

אלא אמר רבינא דבר זה מתורת משה רבינו לא למדנו מדברי קבלה למדנו (זכריה א, ז) ביום עשרים וארבעה לעשתי עשר חדש הוא חדש שבט רבה בר עולא אמר מהכא (אסתר ב, טז) ותלקח אסתר אל המלך אחשורוש אל בית מלכותו בחדש העשירי הוא חדש טבת

You must says this is Nisan; and this is called 'first'. But cannot I say that it is Iyar? - We require springing corn', and there is none.

רב כהנא אמר מהכא (זכריה ז, א) בארבעה לחדש התשיעי בכסלו רב אחא בר יעקב אמר מהכא (אסתר ח, ט) ויקראו סופרי המלך בעת ההיא בחדש השלישי הוא חדש סיון רב אשי אמר מהכא (אסתר ג, ז) הפיל פור הוא הגורל לפני המן מיום ליום ומחדש לחדש שנים עשר הוא חדש אדר ואיבעית אימא מהכא (אסתר ג, ז) בחדש הראשון הוא חדש ניסן

But cannot I say that it is Adar? - We require the bulk of the springing corn, and this we have not [in Adar]. But does the text say, 'the bulk of the springing corn'?

וכולהו מאי טעמא לא אמרי מהאי דלמא מאי ראשון ראשון למילתיה

Rather, said R'Hisda; we learn it from here: Howbeit on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when ye have gathered in the fruits of the land.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev., XXIII, 39.');">¹¹</span> What is the month in which there is 'gathering in'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When the produce is brought in from the fields to save it from the approaching rain.');">¹²</span>

ותנא דידן בשנים קמיירי בחדשים לא קמיירי:

You must say that this is Tishri, and the text calls it 'seventh'. But cannot I say that it is Marheshvan, and by 'seventh' is meant the seventh to Iyar? - We require 'gathering in', and this we have not [in Marheshvan].

ולעיבורין: לעיבורין מניסן מנינן והתניא אין מעברין השנה לפני ר"ה ואם עיברוה אינה מעוברת אבל מפני הדחק מעברין אותה אחר ר"ה מיד ואעפ"כ אין מעברין אלא אדר

But cannot I say that it is Elul, and by seventh' is meant seventh to Adar? - We require the bulk of the ingathering, which we have not [in Elul]. But does the text say, 'the bulk of the ingathering'? - The fact is, said Rabina, that we cannot learn this from the Torah of Moses our teacher, but we have to learn it from the later Scriptures,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'words of Kabbalah' (tradition) , a name given in the Talmud to the Prophetical writings and the Hagiographa, v. B.K., Sonc. ed., p. 3, n. 3.');">¹³</span>

אמר רב נחמן בר יצחק מאי עיבורין הפסקת עיבורין דתנן הן העידו שמעברין השנה כל אדר שהיו אומרים עד הפורים

[viz. ,] Upon the four and twentieth day of the eleventh month, which is the month Shebat.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Zech. I, 7.');">¹⁴</span> Rabbah B''ulla said, [We learn it] from here: So Esther was taken unto king Ahasuerus into his house royal in the tenth month which is the month Tebeth.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Esth. II, 16.');">¹⁵</span>

מ"ט דמאן דאמר עד הפורים כיון דאמר מר שואלין בהלכות הפסח קודם לפסח שלשים יום אתי לזלזולי בחמץ

R'Kahana said: [We learn it] from here, In the fourth day of the ninth month, even in Kislev.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sech. VII, 1.');">¹⁶</span> R'Aha B'Jacob said, [We learn it] from here: Then were the king's scribes called at that time in the third month which is the month of Sivan.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Esth. VIII, 9.');">¹⁷</span>

ואידך מידע ידיע דשתא מעברתא בחושבנא תליא מלתא וסברי חושבנא הוא דלא סליק להו לרבנן עד האידנא

R'Ashi said, [We learn it] from here: They cast pur, that is, the lot, before Haman from day to day and from month to month to the twelfth month, which is the month Adar.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid., III, 7.');">¹⁸</span> If you prefer, I can learn it from here: In the first month whic is the month Nisan.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid.');">¹⁹</span>

ותנא דידן בהתחלה קמיירי בהפסקה לא קמיירי:

Why did not all the others derive it from here?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since Nisan is mentioned explicitly.');">²⁰</span> - Perhaps 'first' here means, 'first in relation to his [Haman's] affair'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' With regard to the others also it might be asked why more than one quotation is needed. Perhaps the idea was to show that there had been hrcsn no change in the names of the months since the time of 'kabbalah'. V. however, Tosaf. s.v. .');">²¹</span>

ולתרומת שקלים: מנלן א"ר יאשיה אמר קרא (במדבר כח, יד) זאת עולת חדש בחדשו לחדשי השנה אמרה תורה חדש והבא קרבן מתרומה חדשה וגמרי שנה שנה מניסן דכתיב (שמות יב, ב) ראשון הוא לכם לחדשי השנה

Why did not our Tanna<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Tanna of our MISHNAH:');">²²</span> [reckon the first of Nisan as the New Year for months]? - Our Tanna speaks only of years, he does not speak of months.'

ולגמור שנה שנה מתשרי דכתיב (דברים יא, יב) מראשית השנה דנין שנה שיש עמה חדשים משנה שיש עמה חדשים ואין דנין שנה שיש עמה חדשים משנה שאין עמה חדשים

For leap years'. Do we reckon [a New Year] for leap years from Nisan?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., can the Beth din even in Nisan declare that the year just begun is to be a leap year?');">²³</span>

אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל קרבנות צבור הבאין באחד בניסן מצוה להביא מן החדש ואם הביא מן הישן יצא אלא שחיסר מצוה

Has it not been taught: 'A leap year is not decreed<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the time of the Second Temple the calendar was not fixed, but the Beth din declared any year a leap year (i.e., inserted an intercalary month) according as they judged necessary, subject to certain rules.');">²⁴</span> before New Year,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because if this were done, by the time Adar came round people might forget.');">²⁵</span>

תנ"ה קרבנות צבור הבאין באחד בניסן מצוה להביא מן החדש ואם הביא מן הישן יצא אלא שחיסר מצוה ויחיד שהתנדב משלו כשרין בלבד שימסרם לצבור

and if such a decree is issued it is not effective. In cases of emergency,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' E.g., if they were afraid that they might be prevented from issuing the decree later.');">²⁶</span>

פשיטא מהו דתימא ליחוש שמא

however, the decree may be issued immediately after New Year, and even so the intercalary month must be [the second] Adar'!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Sanh., Sonc. ed. p. 55 notes. (15) R. Joshua and R. Pappias. Sanh. ');">²⁷</span> - R'Nahman B'Isaac replied: What is meant here by 'leap years'? The closing of a leap year, as we have learnt: 'They's testified that the year may be declared a leap year throughout the whole of Adar, since others asserted that this could be done only until Purim.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And once Purim had passed, the next month had to be Nisan of the next year and not the second Adar of the present year.');">²⁸</span> What was the reason of those who held that this could be done only until Purim? - Since a Master has stated that 'enquiries are made regarding the laws of Passover for thirty days before Passover,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the emissaries of the Beth din instructed the public on the matter during this time.');">²⁹</span> People might be led into neglecting the rules of leaven.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If in the interval Passover was postponed for a month, they would not observe the new date of the Passover.');">³⁰</span> What says the other to this? - He says that people know that a leap year depends on calculation, and they say to themselves that the Rabbis have only now got the calculation right.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'this calculation had not been completed by the Rabbis till now'.');">³¹</span> What of our Tanna?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Why does he not include leap years.');">³²</span> - He speaks only of commencements, not of terminations.' And for the offering of shekalim'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In Adar a shekel had to be contributed by every Israelite for the purchase of congregational sacrifices during the coming year.');">³³</span> How do we know this [from Scripture]? - R'Josiah said: The Scripture says, This is the burnt-offering of each month in its month throughout the months of the year.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Num. XXVIII, 14.');">³⁴</span> The Torah here enjoins:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By the superfluous expression, 'throughout the months of the year'.');">³⁵</span> 'Renew [the year] and bring an offering from the new contributions'. That the 'year' here commences with Nisan is learnt by analogy with the text,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'And we derive (the meaning of) " year"="" from="" "year"="" (commencing)="" with="" nisan'.');"="">³⁶</span> It is the first to you of the months o the year.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XII, 2.');">³⁷</span> But why not suppose it is Tishri from the analogy of, From the beginning of the year?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XI, 12, referring to the rainfall.');">³⁸</span> - To a year with which months are mentioned we apply the analogy of a year with which months are mentioned, but to a year with which months are mentioned, we do not apply the analogy of a year with which months are not mentioned. Rab Judah said in the name of Samuel: It is proper to bring the congregational sacrifices that are offered o the first of Nisan from the new contributions. If, however, they are brought from the old, the duty has been performed,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In respect of the sacrifice itself.');">³⁹</span> but not in the most appropriate manner.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit. 'he has omitted a precept'.');">⁴⁰</span> It has been taught to the same effect: 'It is proper bring the congregational sacrifices which are offered on the first of Nisan from the new contributions; if, however, they were brought from the old, the duty has been performed, but not in the most appropriate manner. If a private person has offered them from his own property, they are unexceptionable, provided he hands them over to the congregation'. Surely this is self-evident? - You might think that we should have some scruples [in accepting them], in case