Sanhedrin 16

Chapter 16

א מיתיבי וחכמים אומרים תבעו ממון בשלשה תבעו נפשות בעשרים ושלשה בשלמא (לרבא) תבעו ממון תחלה בשלשה תבעו נפשות תחלה אפילו ממון בעשרים ושלשה אלא לעולא קשיא

1 The scholars, however, raised an objection from the following: The Sages say: If there is only a monetary claim, three are sufficient; if it involves capital punishment, twenty-three are needed.1 This may be correct according to Raba,2

ב אמר רבא אני וארי שבחבורה תרגימנא ומנו רב חייא בר אבין הכא במאי עסקינן שהביא הבעל עדים שזינתה והביא האב עדים והזימום לעדי הבעל בא לגבות ממון מבעל בשלשה ובמקום נפשות בעשרים ושלשה

2 [in which case the Baraitha should be understood thus:] If [the husband did not offer support of his allegation] his claim, being then only monetary, is decided by three. If however he proposed to bring evidence [on which basis a court of twenty-three was set up], as for a capital charge, but in the end, [owing to the failure to produce witnesses,] only makes a monetary claim, nevertheless the twentythree remain. But how would 'Ulla3 explain the Baraitha? Raba said: [In answer] I and the lion4

ג אביי אמר דכולי עלמא חיישינן ללעז ומשום כבודן של ראשונים הכא במאי עסקינן כגון דאתרו בה סתם

3 of the group, namely R. Hiyya b. Abin, have elucidated it. The case in question is one in which the husband attested his wife's guilt by witnesses. Her father, however, brought witnesses refuting their evidence.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By proving them to be Zomemim, 'plotters', 'schemers', as having been absent at the time of the alleged offence and so subject to the penalties under the law of retaliation. V. Deut. XIX, 18-19, and Mak. I, 2-4. V. Glos. ');">5 In that case the father's monetary claim from the husband6

ד והאי תנא הוא דתניא ושאר כל חייבי מיתות שבתורה אין ממיתין אותם אלא בעדה ועדים והתראה ועד שיודיעוהו שהוא חייב מיתה בבית דין

4 is decided by three.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Even according to 'Ulla, the rabbis no longer apprehend the appearance of witnesses, because the husband's evidence was in the beginning false; neither is his allegation of non-virginity considered in this case, even in connection with the Kethubah, since he has become discredited. ');">7 But in a case [where witnesses have not yet been produced and consequently not refuted, and] which may yet turn out a capital charge, twenty-three are required.

ה ר' יהודה אומר עד שיודיעוהו באיזה מיתה הוא נהרג

5 Abaye says that all [even R. Meir] agree that the eventual effect of the allegation is to be taken into consideration, as well as the honour of the judges who had retired. And the reason that three are sufficient, according to R. Meir, is that the case treated here is that of a woman who, before committing adultery, was cautioned in general terms [as to the penalty of death to which she would make herself liable, but without the kind of death being defined]. And his opinion concurs with that of the following Tanna: For it has been taught:8 All those under sentence of death according to the Torah are to be executed only by the decree of a court of twenty-three, after proper evidence and warning, and provided the warners have let them know that they are liable to a death sentence at the hand of the Court. According to R. Judah, the warners must also inform them of the kind of death they would suffer [and failing that, they are not to be executed].9

ו רב פפא אמר הכא באשה חבירה עסקינן וקמיפלגי בפלוגתא דרבי יוסי בר יהודה ורבנן דתניא ר' יוסי בר יהודה אומר חבר א"צ התראה לפי שלא ניתנה התראה אלא להבחין בין שוגג למזיד

6 R. Papa10 said: The case discussed here is that of a scholarly woman who received no warning at all; and they differ according to the difference of opinion between R. Jose b. Judah and the [other] Rabbis. For it has been taught: R. Jose b. Judah, [with whom the Rabbis who oppose R. Meir agree.] holds that a scholar11

ז רב אשי אמר כגון

7 is held responsible for his crimes even without being formally warned, as warning is only a means of deciding whether one has committed the crime wilfully or not.12 R. Ashi says, R. Meir and the Rabbis treat of a case where

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