Sanhedrin 184

Chapter 184

א ואם תאמר אותן שנים שעתיד הקב"ה לחדש בהן את עולמו שנאמר (ישעיהו ב, יא) ונשגב ה' לבדו ביום ההוא צדיקים מה הן עושין הקב"ה עושה להם כנפים כנשרים ושטין על פני המים שנאמר (תהלים מו, ג) על כן לא נירא בהמיר ארץ במוט הרים בלב ימים ושמא תאמר יש להם צער ת"ל (ישעיהו מ, לא) וקווי ה' יחליפו כח יעלו אבר כנשרים ירוצו ולא ייגעו ילכו ולא ייעפו
1 And should you ask, in those years during which the Almighty will renew his world, as it is written, And the Lord alone shall be exalted in that day,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. II, 11, i.e., during this era of change the universe will be totally destroyed. ');"><sup>1</sup></span> what will the righteous do?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Where will they be in this period of complete desolation?] ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ב ונילף ממתים שהחיה יחזקאל סבר לה כמאן דאמר באמת משל היה
2 — The Lord will make them wings like eagles', and they will fly above the water, as it is written, Therefore we will not fear when the earth be removed and the mountains be carried into the midst of the sea.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ps. XLIV, 3. ');"><sup>3</sup></span> And should you imagine that they will suffer pain — therefore Scripture saith, But they that wait upon the Lord shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run and not be weary; and they shall walk and not faint.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. XL, 31. [For parallel passages in the book as we have it, v. Friedmann's edition, Introduction, p. 46.] ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ג דתניא ר"א אומר מתים שהחיה יחזקאל עמדו על רגליהם ואמרו שירה ומתו מה שירה אמרו ה' ממית בצדק ומחיה ברחמים ר' יהושע אומר שירה זו אמרו (שמואל א ב, ו) ה' ממית ומחיה מוריד שאול ויעל ר' יהודה אומר אמת משל היה
3 But should we not deduce [the reverse] from the dead whom Ezekiel resurrected?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Just as they died again, so will the righteous whom God will resurrect also return to dust. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> — He accepts the view that in the truth [the story of the resurrection of the dry bones] was [but] a parable.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., a symbol of the revival of the Jewish State. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ד אמר לו רבי נחמיה אם אמת למה משל ואם משל למה אמת אלא באמת משל היה ר"א בנו של ר' יוסי הגלילי אומר מתים שהחיה יחזקאל עלו לארץ ישראל ונשאו נשים והולידו בנים ובנות עמד ר"י בן בתירא על רגליו ואמר אני מבני בניהם והללו תפילין שהניח לי אבי אבא מהם
4 For it was taught: R. Eliezer said: The dead whom Ezekiel resurrected stood up, uttered song, and [immediately] died. What song did they utter? — The Lord slayeth in righteousness and reviveth in mercy.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cp. I Sam. II, 6. ');"><sup>7</sup></span> R. Joshua said: They sang thus, The Lord killeth and maketh alive: he bringeth down to the grave, and bringeth up.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
ה ומאן נינהו מתים שהחיה יחזקאל
5 R. Judah said: It was truth; it was a parable. R. Nehemiah said to him: If truth, why a parable; and if a parable, why truth? — But [say thus]: In the truth there was but a parable.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., their resurrection did in fact take place, and that was a foreshadowing of the renaissance of the Jewish people. ');"><sup>9</sup></span> R. Eliezer the son of R. Jose the Galilean said: The dead whom Ezekiel revived went up to Palestine, married wives and begat sons and daughters. R. Judah b. Bathyra rose up and said: I am one of their descendants, and these are the tefillin<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Phylacteries, v. Glos. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
ו אמר רב אלו בני אפרים שמנו לקץ וטעו שנאמר (דברי הימים א ז, כ) ובני אפרים שותלח וברד בנו ותחת בנו ואלעדה בנו ותחת בנו וזבד בנו ושותלח בנו ועזר (ואלעזר) [ואלעד] והרגום אנשי גת הנולדים בארץ וגו' וכתיב (דברי הימים א ז, כב) ויתאבל אפרים אביהם ימים רבים ויבאו אחיו לנחמו
6 which my grandfather left me [as an heirloom] from them. Now, who were they whom Ezekiel revived? — Rab said: They were the Ephraimites, who counted [the years] to the end [of the Egyptian bondage], but erred therein,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' They counted the four hundred years foretold by God to Abraham (Gen. XV, 13) as commencing there and then, whereas in reality they dated from Isaac's birth, which according to tradition took place thirty years later. As a result, they left Egypt thirty years before the rest of Israel. ');"><sup>11</sup></span>
ז ושמואל אמר אלו בני אדם שכפרו בתחיית המתים שנאמר (יחזקאל לז, יא) ויאמר אלי בן אדם העצמות האלה כל בית ישראל המה הנה אומרים יבשו עצמותינו ואבדה תקותנו נגזרנו לנו
7 as it is written, And the sons of Ephraim; Shuthelah, and Bared his son, and Tahath his son, and Eladah his son, and Tahath his son. And Zabad his son, and Shuthelah his son, and Ezzer, and Elead, whom the men of Gath that were born in that land slew.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I Chron. VII, 20f. ');"><sup>12</sup></span> And it is written, And Ephraim their father mourned many days, and his brethren came to comfort him.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 22. ');"><sup>13</sup></span>
ח ר' ירמיה בר אבא אמר אלו בני אדם שאין בהן לחלוחית של מצוה שנאמר (יחזקאל לז, ד) העצמות היבשות שמעו דבר ה'
8 Samuel said: They were those who denied resurrection, as it is written, Then he said unto me, Son of man, these bones are the whole house of Israel; behold, they say, Our bones are dried, and our hope is lost: we are cut off for our parts.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ezek. XXXVII, 11. Though they personally were not entitled to resurrection, since they denied it (v. supra 90a), yet the miracle was wrought for them that the belief might become established for Israel. ');"><sup>14</sup></span> R. Jeremiah b. Abba said: They were the men who lacked the [vitalizing] sap of good deeds, as it is written, O ye dry bones, head the word of the Lord.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 4. Though lacking good deeds to their credit, they were resurrected to shew that the wicked, provided they deny not resurrection, after undergoing their punishment, will participate therein (Maharsha). ');"><sup>15</sup></span>
ט ר' יצחק נפחא אמר אלו בני אדם שחיפו את ההיכל כולו שקצים ורמשים שנאמר (יחזקאל ח, י) ואבוא ואראה והנה כל תבנית רמש ובהמה שקץ וכל גלולי בית ישראל מחוקה על הקיר סביב וגו' וכתיב התם (יחזקאל לז, ב) והעבירני עליהם סביב סביב
9 R. Isaac Nappaha said: They were the men who covered the whole Temple with abominations and creeping things, as it is written, So I went in and saw; and behold every form of creeping things, and abominable beasts, and all the idols of the house of Israel, portrayed upon the wall round about:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' lbid. VIII, 10. The identification is based on the use of 'round about' in both narratives. In his view even those who in their despair surrender themselves to abominable worship are not excluded from the bliss of resurrection. (Adapted from Maharsha.) ');"><sup>16</sup></span> whilst there [in the case of the dry bones] it is written, And caused me to pass by them round about.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XXXVII, 2. ');"><sup>17</sup></span>
י ר' יוחנן אמר אלו מתים שבבקעת דורא וא"ר יוחנן מנהר אשל עד רבת בקעת דורא שבשעה שהגלה נבוכדנצר הרשע את ישראל היו בהן בחורים שהיו מגנין את החמה ביופיין והיו כשדיות רואות אותן ושופעות זבות אמרו לבעליהן ובעליהן למלך צוה המלך והרגום ועדיין היו שופעות זבות צוה המלך ורמסום
10 R. Johanan said: They were the dead of the plain of Dura.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Dan. III, 1. The plain of Dura has not yet been identified. Obermeyer, op. cit. 310, suggests a locality near Nahr Dura, a small river which flows into the Euphrates, some six miles south of Babylon.] ');"><sup>18</sup></span> R. Johanan also said: The plain of Dura extends from the river Eshel to Rabbath. Amongst the Israelites whom Nebuchadnezzar drove into exile there were young men who shamed the sun by their beauty. The Chaldean women, looking upon them, were inflamed with passion. Their husbands, being informed thereof, reported it to the king, who ordered the execution of these exiles; yet they still burned with desire:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'discharged issue'. ');"><sup>19</sup></span>
יא תנו רבנן בשעה שהפיל נבוכדנצר הרשע את חנניה מישאל ועזריה לכבשן האש אמר לו הקב"ה ליחזקאל לך והחייה מתים בבקעת דורא כיון שהחייה אותן באו עצמות וטפחו לו לאותו רשע על פניו אמר מה טיבן של אלו אמרו לו חבריהן של אלו מחיה מתים בבקעת דורא פתח ואמר (דניאל ג, לג) אתוהי כמה רברבין ותמהוהי כמה תקיפין מלכותיה מלכות עלם ושלטניה עם דר ודר וגו'
11 so by royal command they were trampled [out of recognition]. Our Rabbis taught: When the wicked Nebuchadnezzar threw Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah into the fiery furnace, the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Ezekiel: 'Go and resurrect the dead in the plain of Dura.' This being done, the bones came and smote the wicked man upon his face. 'What kind of bones are these!' he exclaimed. They [his courtiers] answered him, 'Their companion<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'The companion of these', (viz., of Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah). ');"><sup>20</sup></span>
יב א"ר יצחק יוצק זהב רותח לתוך פיו של אותו רשע שאילמלא (לא) בא מלאך וסטרו על פיו ביקש לגנות כל שירות ותושבחות שאמר דוד בספר תהלים
12 is resurrecting the dead in the plain of Dura.' Thereupon he broke into utterance, How great are His signs, and how mighty are His wonders! His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and His dominion is from generation to generation!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Dan. III, 23. ');"><sup>21</sup></span> R. Isaac said: May molten gold be poured into the mouth of that wicked man [sc. Nebuchadnezzar]! Had not an angel come and struck him upon his mouth he would have eclipsed<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'shamed'. ');"><sup>22</sup></span>
יג ת"ר ששה נסים נעשו באותו היום ואלו הן צף הכבשן ונפרץ הכבשן והומק סודו ונהפך צלם על פניו ונשרפו ארבע מלכיות והחייה יחזקאל את המתים בבקעת דורא
13 all the songs and praises uttered by David in the Book of Psalms.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' On seeing the great miracle performed for Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah. This being praiseworthy, R. Isaac expressed his curse euphemistically. ');"><sup>23</sup></span> Our Rabbis taught: Six miracles were wrought on that day, viz.: [i] The furnace floated upward;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' It was originally built in the earth, but floated upwards, that all might see the miracle. ');"><sup>24</sup></span>
יד וכולהו גמרא וארבע מלכיות קרא דכתיב (דניאל ג, ב) ונבוכדנצר מלכא שלח למכנש לאחשדרפניא סגניא ופחוותא אדרגזריא גדבריא דתבריא תפתיא וכל שלטוני מדינתא וגו' וכתיב איתי גוברין יהודאין וכתיב ומתכנשין אחשדרפניא סגניא ופחוותא והדברי מלכא חזיין לגבריא אלך וגו'
14 [ii] its walls [partly] fell in;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For the same reason. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> [iii] its foundations crumbled [with the heat];<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For the same reason. ');"><sup>25</sup></span>
טו תני דבי רבי אליעזר בן יעקב אפילו בשעת הסכנה לא ישנה אדם את עצמו מן הרבנות שלו שנאמר (דניאל ג, כא) באדין גבריא אלך כפתו בסרבליהון פטשיהון וכרבלתהון וגו'
15 [iv] the image [which Nebuchadnezzar had set up to be worshipped] was overthrown upon its face; [v] four royal suites were burned;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Other versions, based on different readings: his (Nebuchadnezzar's) pride crumbled, (he confessed his wrong); the lime in it melted and burned those who cast them in (v. Rashi). ');"><sup>26</sup></span> [vi] Ezekiel resurrected the dead in the valley of Dura. All these are [known by] tradition, but [that pertaining to] the four royal suites is Scriptural, for it is written, Then Nebuchadnezzar the king sent to gather together the princes, the governors, and the captains, the judges, the treasurers, the counsellors, the sheriffs, and all the rulers of the provinces, [to come to the dedication of the image etc.];<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ie., four kings and their retinues, who had assisted Nebuchadnezzar in casting them into the furnace. ');"><sup>27</sup></span>
טז אמר רבי יוחנן
16 and it is further written, There are certain Jews […serve not thy god etc.];<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 2. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> also, And the princes, governors and captains, and the king's counsellors, being gathered together, saw these men, upon whom the fire had no power.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 27. Those who are omitted in this verse from the enumeration of v. 2 were burned. ');"><sup>29</sup></span> The School of R. Eliezer b. Jacob taught: Even in times of danger one should not lay aside his insignia of office, for it is written, Then these men were bound in their coats, their hosen, and their hats, and their other garments etc.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 21. These were garments specially worn by men in their exalted position, and they did not doff them, though cast into the furnace. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> R. Johanan said: