Sanhedrin 187

Chapter 187

א אינהו עדיפי מיניה ואיהו עדיף מנייהו אינהו עדיפי מיניה דאינהו נביאי ואיהו לאו נביא ואיהו עדיף מנייהו דאיהו חזא ואינהו לא חזו
1 They were greater than he [in one respect], and he was superior to them [in another]. [Thus:] They were greater than he, since they were prophets, whilst he was not. He [on the other hand] was superior to them, since he saw [the vision] which they did not. But since they did not see it, why were they terrified? — Though they themselves saw nothing, their guardian angel did see it.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' According to the Talmud, every man has a special guardian angel, who accompanies him: Hag. 16a; cf. Targ. Jer. on Gen. XXXIII, 10: I have seen thy face, as though I had seen the face of thy angel. In the present passage, the word kzn Mazzal is used, which really implies the angel or spirit of one's destiny; as far as individuals are concerned, it is not clear whether the guardian angel is identical with the angel of destiny or not. In the German mysticism of the thirteenth century the two were most probably identified, the term kzn ltkn 'angel of destiny' being used in the 'Book of Angels' by Eliezer of Worms, a disciple of R. Judah Hasid; v. J.E. I. p. 588. ');"><sup>1</sup></span> Rabina said: This proves that when one is terrified [and knows not why], though he has not seen anything, his guardian angel has.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' May there be a connection between this 'guardian spirit' and the modern idea of the 'subconscious mind'? ');"><sup>2</sup></span> What shall he do [to dissipate his fears]? — Let him leap four cubits from his place; alternatively, let him read the <i>shema'</i>.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Glos. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ב וכי מאחר דלא חזו מאי טעמא איבעות אע"ג דאינהו לא חזו מידי מזלייהו חזי אמר רבינא ש"מ האי מאן דמבעית אף על גב דאיהו לא חזי מזליה חזי
2 But if he is standing in an unclean place [where the <i>shema'</i> may not be recited], let him say thus: 'the butcher's goat is fatter than I.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Go to them for a victim. ');"><sup>4</sup></span> Of the increase<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H]. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> of his government and peace there shall be no end.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. IX, 6. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ג מאי תקנתיה לינשוף מדוכתיה ארבעה גרמידי אי נמי ליקרי קרית שמע ואי קאי במקום הטנופת לימא הכי עיזא דבי טבחא שמינא מינאי
3 R. Tanhum said: Bar Kappara expounded in Sepphoris, Why is every mem in the middle of a word open, whilst this is closed?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' There are two forms of mem: medial, which is open ([H]) and final, which is closed ([H]). In this sentence, however, the closed form occurs in the middle of a word ([H]). ');"><sup>7</sup></span> — The Holy One, blessed be He, wished to appoint Hezekiah as the Messiah, and Sennacherib as Gog and Magog;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gog and Magog are, in Jewish eschatology, the tribes who shall lead all nations in a tremendous attack upon Israel; their final defeat ushers in the halcyon days of the Messiah, (Ezek. XXXVIII, XXXIX). It is not clear whom the prophet had in mind, the whole passage having the mystic form of apocalyptic prediction. The present passage is remarkable in that it shews that in the opinion of its author no particular nation was intended, but any great heathen power whose destruction, by the will of God, is to precede the millenium. ');"><sup>8</sup></span> whereupon the Attribute of Justice<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [The attributes of Justice and Mercy are often hypostasized and represented as interceding with the Almighty.] ');"><sup>9</sup></span>
ד (ישעיהו ט, ו) למרבה המשרה ולשלום אין קץ וגו' א"ר תנחום דרש בר קפרא בציפורי מפני מה כל מ"ם שבאמצע תיבה פתוח וזה סתום ביקש הקב"ה לעשות חזקיהו משיח וסנחריב גוג ומגוג
4 said before the Holy One, blessed be He: 'Sovereign of the Universe! If Thou didst not make David the Messiah, who uttered so many hymns and psalms before Thee, wilt Thou appoint Hezekiah as such, who did not hymn Thee in spite of all these miracles which Thou wroughtest for him?' Therefore it [sc. the mem] was closed.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Shewing that God's original intention was 'closed', i.e., revoked. Other interpretations: God wished to 'close' i.e., end the troubles of Israel by making Hezekiah the Messiah; or Hezekiah's mouth was closed, i.e., he sang no psalms to the Almighty.' ');"><sup>10</sup></span> Straightway the earth exclaimed: 'Sovereign of the Universe! Let me utter song before Thee instead of this righteous man [Hezekiah], and make him the Messiah.' So it broke into song before Him, as it is written, From the uttermost part of the earth have we heard songs, even glory to the righteous.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XXIV, 16. ');"><sup>11</sup></span> Then the Prince of the Universe<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is a special angel set over the world, distinct from the guardian angels of the separate nations. He has been identified with Metatron; Tosaf. Yeb. 16b however rejects this identification. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
ה אמרה מדת הדין לפני הקב"ה רבש"ע ומה דוד מלך ישראל שאמר כמה שירות ותשבחות לפניך לא עשיתו משיח חזקיה שעשית לו כל הנסים הללו ולא אמר שירה לפניך תעשהו משיח לכך נסתתם
5 said to Him: 'Sovereign of the Universe! It [the earth] hath fulfilled Thy desire [for songs of praise] on behalf of this righteous man.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So translated by Maharsha. The passage might also mean: Fulfil the desire of this righteous man, i.e., appoint him the Messiah. ');"><sup>13</sup></span> But a heavenly Voice cried out, 'It is my secret, it is my secret.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid., i.e., the delay of Messiah's advent is God's secret. ');"><sup>14</sup></span> To which the prophet rejoined, 'Woe is me, woe is me:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. ');"><sup>15</sup></span>
ו מיד פתחה הארץ ואמרה לפניו רבש"ע אני אומרת לפניך שירה תחת צדיק זה ועשהו משיח פתחה ואמרה שירה לפניו שנאמר (ישעיהו כד, טז) מכנף הארץ זמירות שמענו צבי לצדיק וגו'
6 how long [must we wait]?' The heavenly Voice [again] cried out, 'The treacherous dealers have dealt treacherously; yea, the treacherous dealers have dealt very treacherously:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. ');"><sup>16</sup></span> which Raba — others say, R. Isaac — interpreted: until there come spoilers, and spoilers of the spoilers.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., until Israel's enemies and their enemies' enemies are destroyed. ');"><sup>17</sup></span> The burden of Dumah. He calleth to me out of Seir, Watchman, what of the night? Watchman, what of the night?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XXI, 11. ');"><sup>18</sup></span>
ז אמר שר העולם לפניו רבש"ע צביונו עשה לצדיק זה יצאה בת קול ואמרה רזי לי רזי לי אמר נביא אוי לי אוי לי עד מתי יצאה בת קול ואמרה (ישעיהו כד, טז) בוגדים בגדו ובגד בוגדים בגדו ואמר רבא ואיתימא ר' יצחק עד דאתו בזוזי ובזוזי דבזוזי
7 R. Johanan said: The angel in charge of the souls is named Dumah. All the souls assembled before Dumah and said to him, What [sayeth] the Watchman [sc. God] of the night, What [sayeth] the Watchman of the night?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The verse is thus interpreted: The burden of the angel Dumah. One (i.e., the souls) calleth out to me concerning Seir, which, as a synonym of Edom, is symbolic of Rome, the power responsible for Israel's exile. ');"><sup>19</sup></span> The watchman said, The morning cometh, and also the night: if ye will enquire, enquire ye: return, come.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 12. Rashi gives a number of versions: (i) The watchman said, 'Has then the morning come? Surely not!' i.e., it is not yet time for redemption; (ii) 'The morning cometh,' i.e., redemption will surely come, 'but also the night' — a long exile will precede it; (iii) 'The morning cometh,' i.e., the Babylonian exile will end and a second Temple be built, but 'also the night' — only to be succeeded by another exile; (iv) 'The morning cometh,' i.e., redemption cometh for the righteous, 'but also the night,' i.e., punishment for the wicked, a rendering which is borne out by the Targum. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> A Tanna reported in the name of R. Pappias: It was a reproach to Hezekiah and his company<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A band of scholars who assisted him in his literary labours, v. B.B. 15a. ');"><sup>21</sup></span>
ח (ישעיהו כא, יא) משא דומה אלי קורא משעיר שומר מה מלילה שומר מה מליל וגו' א"ר יוחנן אותו מלאך הממונה על הרוחות דומה שמו נתקבצו כל הרוחות אצל דומה אמרו לו שומר מה מלילה שומר מה מליל אמר שומר אתא בקר וגם לילה אם תבעיון בעיו שובו אתיו
8 that they uttered no song [to God] until the earth broke into song, as it is written, From the uttermost part of the earth have we heard songs, even glory to the righteous. Similarly we read, And Jethro said, Blessed be the Lord who hath delivered you;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XVIII, 10. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> whereon a Tanna taught in the name of R. Pappias: It was a reproach to Moses and the six hundred thousand [Israelites] that they did not bless [the Lord] until Jethro came and did so. <i>And Jethro rejoiced</i> [<i>wa-yihad</i>].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H], Ibid. 9. ');"><sup>23</sup></span>
ט תנא משום רבי פפייס גנאי הוא לחזקיה וסייעתו שלא אמרו שירה עד שפתחה הארץ ואמרה שירה שנא' מכנף הארץ זמירות שמענו צבי לצדיק וגו' כיוצא בדבר אתה אומר (שמות יח, י) ויאמר יתרו ברוך ה' אשר הציל אתכם תנא משום רבי פפייס גנאי הוא למשה וששים ריבוא שלא אמרו ברוך עד שבא יתרו ואמר ברוך ה'
9 Rab and Samuel [dispute its meaning]. Rab said: He caused a sharp knife to pass over his flesh;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., he circumcised himself, [H] thus being derived from had [H], sharp. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> Samuel said: His flesh crept [with horror at the destruction of the Egyptians].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'his flesh became full of sharp edges,' 'Prickles,' deriving it likewise from had, the goosiness of the flesh caused by fear or horror. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> Rab<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Yalk.: R. Papa. ');"><sup>26</sup></span>
י ויחד יתרו רב ושמואל רב אמר שהעביר חרב חדה על בשרו ושמואל אמר שנעשה חדודים חדודים כל בשרו אמר רב היינו דאמרי אינשי גיורא עד עשרה דרי לא תבזה ארמאי קמיה
10 observed: Thus people say, Before a proselyte, even unto the tenth generation, insult not an Aramean.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' General term for a non-Jew. Jethro, though according to tradition a proselyte, was nevertheless horror-stricken at the fate of the Egyptians. ');"><sup>27</sup></span> Therefore shall the Lord, the Lord of hosts, send among his fat ones leanness.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. X, 16. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> What is meant by, among his fat ones [bemishmanav]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] ');"><sup>29</sup></span>
יא (ישעיהו י, טז) לכן ישלח האדון ה' צבאות במשמניו רזון מאי במשמניו רזון אמר הקב"ה יבא חזקיהו שיש לו שמונה שמות ויפרע מסנחריב שיש לו שמונה שמות חזקיה דכתיב (ישעיהו ט, ה) כי ילד יולד לנו בן ניתן לנו ותהי המשרה על שכמו ויקרא שמו פלא יועץ אל גבור אבי עד שר שלום והאיכא חזקיה שחזקו יה דבר אחר חזקיה שחיזק את ישראל לאביהם שבשמים
11 leanness? — The Holy One, blessed be He, said: Let Hezekiah, who hath eight [shemoneh] names, come and mete out punishment to Sennacherib, who hath [likewise] eight.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] is here derived from [H]. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> Hezekiah, as it is written, For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called [i] Wonderful, [ii] Counsellor, [iii] Mighty, [iv] Judge,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For this meaning of el, cf. Ex. XXI, 6; XXII, 8. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> [v] Everlasting, [vi] Father, [vii] Prince, and [viii] Peace.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. IX, 5. It is assumed that the verse refers to Hezekiah. ');"><sup>32</sup></span>
יב סנחריב דכתיב ביה (מלכים ב טו, כט) תגלת פלאסר (דברי הימים ב כח, כ) פלנאסר (מלכים ב יז, ג) שלמנאסר (מלכים ב טו, יט) פול (ישעיהו כ, א) סרגון (סרגין) (עזרא ד, י) אסנפר רבא ויקירא והאיכא סנחריב שסיחתו ריב דבר אחר שסח וניחר דברים כלפי מעלה
12 But is there not Hezekiah too?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A ninth name. ');"><sup>33</sup></span> — That means, 'whom God hath strengthened;' alternatively, Hezekiah denotes 'Who strengthened' Israel [in their devotion] to their father in Heaven.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' According to both these answers, Hezekiah, as a combination of [H] (hazak) and [H] (Jah) — to be strong and God — is not a proper name, but an epithet. ');"><sup>34</sup></span> Sennacherib, of whom it is written, [i] Tiglath-pileser,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Kings XV, 29. ');"><sup>35</sup></span>
יג א"ר יוחנן מפני מה זכה אותו רשע לקרותו אסנפר רבא ויקירא מפני שלא סיפר בגנותה של ארץ ישראל שנאמר (מלכים ב יח, לב) עד בואי ולקחתי אתכם אל ארץ כארצכם
13 [ii] [Tilgath-] pilneser,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I Chron. V, 26. ');"><sup>36</sup></span> [iii] Shalmaneser,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Kings XVII, 3. ');"><sup>37</sup></span> [iv] Pul,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XV, 29. ');"><sup>38</sup></span>
יד רב ושמואל חד אמר מלך פקח היה וחד אמר מלך טיפש היה למאן דאמר מלך פקח היה אי אמינא להו עדיפא מארעייכו אמרו קא משקרת ומאן דאמר מלך טיפש היה אם כן מאי רבותיה
14 [V] Sargon,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. XX, 1. ');"><sup>39</sup></span> [vi] Asnapper,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ezra IV, 20. ');"><sup>40</sup></span> [vii] Rabba,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. ');"><sup>41</sup></span>
טו להיכא אגלי להו מר זוטרא אמר לאפריקי ורבי חנינא אמר להרי סלוג אבל ישראל ספרו בגנותה של ארץ ישראל כי מטו שוש אמרי שויא כי ארעין כי מטו עלמין אמרו כעלמין כי מטו שוש תרי אמרי על חד תרין
15 and [viii] Yakkira.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. The E.V. of the last three is 'the great and noble Asnapper,' but here the phrase is regarded as consisting of three proper nouns (Rashi). But the Wilna Gaon gives a different reading, which renders this unnecessary. ');"><sup>42</sup></span> But is there not Sennacherib too? — [That means,] that his very conversation was strife; alternatively, that he prated with inflammatory speech against the Most High.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sennacherib is treated as a combination of a verb or verbs [H] and [H] with a noun, rib, 'strife;' cp. n. 1. ');"><sup>43</sup></span> R. Johanan said: Why did that evil man merit the titles of the great and noble Asnapper? — Because he did not speak slightingly of the Land of Israel, as it is written, Until I come and take you away to a land like your own land.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Kings XVIII, 32. ');"><sup>44</sup></span>
טז (ישעיהו י, טז) ותחת כבודו [יקד] יקוד כיקוד אש א"ר יוחנן תחת כבודו ולא כבודו ממש כי הא דרבי יוחנן קרי ליה למאני מכבדותי רבי אלעזר אמר תחת כבודו ממש כשריפת בני אהרן מה להלן שריפת נשמה וגוף קיים אף כאן שריפת נשמה וגוף קיים
16 Rab and Samuel [dispute the matter]: one maintained that he was a wise king; the other that he was foolish. The view that he was a wise king is because had he said, 'a land that is better than your own,' they would have replied, 'Thou liest;' whilst the opinion that he was foolish is because if so [i.e., that the land of exile would be no better than their own], what inducement [did he offer]? Whither did he deport them? — Mar Zutra said: To Africa;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Obermeyer, Die Landschaft Babylonien, 11ff., identifies it with Abrik, 150 Km. N. W. of Diarbekir.] ');"><sup>45</sup></span> R. Hanina maintained: To the mountains of Salug.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Identified by Obermeyer, ibid., with the mountains of Salak in the district of Adiabene.] ');"><sup>46</sup></span>
יז תנא משמיה דרבי יהושע בן קרחה פרעה שחירף בעצמו נפרע הקב"ה ממנו בעצמו סנחריב שחירף
17 But Israel spoke with contempt about Palestine, for when they came to Shush,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The modern Susa. Shushan. ');"><sup>47</sup></span> they said: This is as good as our land;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' ['Shush' in Persian meaning' beautiful,' 'good,' op. cit. 212.] ');"><sup>48</sup></span> to 'Almin,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Elymais (Elam). ');"><sup>49</sup></span> they said: This is like the House of Eternities [i.e., Jerusalem, or the Temple];<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Heb. [H], which may denote also 'Almin. ');"><sup>50</sup></span> on arriving at Shush Tere,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Sushtar, 18 parasangs East of Susa (op. cit. 213).] ');"><sup>51</sup></span> they said: This is twice as good [as our land].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Lit., 'double shush' (good), here used as a proper noun.] ');"><sup>52</sup></span> And beneath his glory shall he kindle a burning like the burning of a fire.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. X, 16. ');"><sup>53</sup></span> R. Johanan said: That which was beneath his glory [would be burnt], but 'glory' is not literal;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For the literal meaning of 'glory' in reference to a man is his body, the outer flesh which gives him his beauty; hence 'beneath his glory' would have to mean his soul, which R. Johanan regards as unsuited to the context. Therefore 'glory' cannot be literal, but refers to the garments, which lend dignity to a person; whilst 'beneath his glory' denotes the body. ');"><sup>54</sup></span> even as R. Johanan called his garments 'my honourers.' R. Eleazar said: 'Beneath his glory' is literal, as the burning of the sons of Aaron: just as there the burning of the soul [is meant], the body remaining intact, so here too.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. supra 52a; cp. Shab. 113b. ');"><sup>55</sup></span> A Tanna taught in the name of R. Joshua b. Karha: Pharaoh, who personally blasphemed, was punished by the Holy One, blessed be He, in Person; Sennacherib, who blasphemed