Sanhedrin 188

Chapter 188

א ע"י שליח נפרע הקב"ה ממנו ע"י שליח
1 through an agent,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which is a greater insult. ');"><sup>1</sup></span> was punished by the Holy One, blessed be He, through an agent.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which is a more humiliating punishment. ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ב פרעה דכתיב ביה (שמות ה, ב) מי ה' אשר אשמע בקולו נפרע הקב"ה ממנו בעצמו דכתיב (שמות יד, כז) וינער ה' את מצרים בתוך הים וכתיב (חבקוק ג, טו) דרכת בים סוסיך וגו' סנחריב דכתיב (מלכים ב יט, כג) ביד מלאכיך חרפת ה' נפרע הקב"ה ממנו ע"י שליח דכתיב (מלכים ב יט, לה) ויצא מלאך ה' ויך במחנה אשור מאה ושמונים וחמשה אלף וגו'
2 [Thus:] Pharaoh, of whom it is written, [And Pharaoh said,] Who is the Lord, that I should obey his voice?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. V, 2. ');"><sup>3</sup></span> was punished by the Holy One, blessed be He, in Person, as it is written, And<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XIV, 27. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ג ר' חנינא בר פפא רמי כתיב (ישעיהו לז, כד) מרום קיצו וכתיב (מלכים ב יט, כג) מלון קיצו אמר אותו רשע בתחלה אחריב דירה של מטה ואחר כך אחריב דירה של מעלה
3 the Lord overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Hab. III, 15. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> and it is also written, Thou didst walk through the sea with thine horses.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Kings XIX, 23. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ד א"ר יהושע בן לוי מאי דכתיב (מלכים ב יח, כה) עתה המבלעדי ה' עליתי על המקום הזה להשחיתו ה' אמר אלי עלה אל הארץ הזאת והשחיתה מאי היא דשמע לנביא דקאמר (ישעיהו ח, ו) יען כי מאס העם הזה את מי השילוח ההולכים לאט ומשוש את רצין ובן רמליהו
4 But Sennacherib, of whom it is written, By thy messengers hast thou reproached the Lord,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 35. ');"><sup>7</sup></span> was punished by the Holy One, blessed be He, through an angel, as it is said, And the angel of the Lord went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians an hundred fourscore and five thousand.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. XXXVII, 24. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
ה אמר רב יוסף אלמלא תרגומא דהאי קרא לא הוה ידענא מאי קאמר חלף דקץ עמא הדין במלכותא דבית דוד דמדבר להון בנייח כמי שילוחא דנגדין בנייח ואיתרעיאו ברצין ובר רמליה
5 R. Hanina b. Papa opposed [two verses]: It is written, [I will enter the height of his border;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Kings XIX, 23. Both refer to the same. 'The height of his border' would seem to apply to the Temple, cf. Jer. XVII, 12: a glorious high throne from the beginning is the place of our sanctuary. 'The lodging' etc. on the other hand is applicable to God's heavenly dwelling. ');"><sup>9</sup></span> but elsewhere it is written, [I will enter into] the lodgings of his borders!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. V, 2. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ו א"ר יוחנן מאי דכתיב (משלי ג, לג) מארת ה' בבית רשע ונוה צדיקים יבורך מארת ה' בבית רשע זה פקח בן רמליהו שהיה אוכל מ' סאה גוזלות בקינוח סעודה ונוה צדיקים יבורך זה חזקיה מלך יהודה שהיה אוכל ליטרא ירק בסעודה
6 — That wicked man said: First will I destroy [His] nether abode [sc. the Temple on earth], and then the upper.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Heavenly Temple. ');"><sup>10</sup></span> R. Joshua b. Levi said: What is meant by Am I now come up without the Lord against this place to destroy it? The Lord said to me, Go up against this land, and destroy it.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Kings XVIII, 25. ');"><sup>11</sup></span>
ז (ישעיהו ח, ז) ולכן הנה ה' מעלה עליהם את מי הנהר העצומים והרבים את מלך אשור וכתיב (ישעיהו ח, ח) וחלף ביהודה שטף ועבר עד צואר יגיע
7 How so?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., how could Sennacherib claim that he had God's orders to destroy Jerusalem? ');"><sup>12</sup></span> He had heard the prophet declare, Forasmuch as this people refuseth the waters of Shiloah that go softly, and rejoice in Rezin and Ramaliah's son.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. VIII, 6. this concludes: Now therefore, behold the Lord bringeth up upon them the waters of the river, strong and many, even the king of Assyria, and all his glory: and he shall come up over all his channels, and go over all his banks. This was understood by Sennacherib as an order to possess Jerusalem. ');"><sup>13</sup></span>
ח אלא מ"ט איעניש נביא אעשרת השבטים איתנבי איהו יהיב דעתיה על כולה ירושלים בא נביא וא"ל (ישעיהו ח, כג) כי לא מועף לאשר מוצק לה א"ר אלעזר בר ברכיה אין נמסר עם עייף בתורה ביד מי המציק לו
8 R. Joseph said: But for the Targum<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Aramaic version of the Prophets was written, according to a Tannaitic tradition, by Jonathan b. Uzziel, 'from the mouths of Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi' (Meg. 3a). The present passage shews clearly that by R. Joseph's time (beginning of the fourth century) it was recognized as authoritative, hence ancient. ');"><sup>14</sup></span> of this verse, I would not know its meaning: Because this people have wearied of the Davidic dynasty, which rules them with gentleness like the waters of Shiloah which flow tranquilly, and have set their desire upon Rezin and the son of Ramaliah.
ט מאי (ישעיהו ח, כג) כעת הראשון הקל ארצה זבולון וארצה נפתלי והאחרון הכביד דרך הים עבר הירדן גליל הגוים לא כראשונים שהקלו מעליהם עול תורה אבל אחרונים שהכבידו עליהן עול תורה וראויין הללו לעשות להם נס כעוברי הים וכדורכי הירדן אם חוזר בו מוטב ואם לאו אני אעשה לו גליל בגוים
9 R. Johanan said: What is meant by, The curse of the Lord is in the house of the wicked: but he blesseth the habitation of the just?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Prov. III, 33. ');"><sup>15</sup></span> 'The curse of the Lord is in the house of the wicked' refers to Pekah the son of Ramaliah, who ate forty se'ahs of young birds as a [mere] dessert;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'wiping away the meal', i.e., he could never satisfy his hunger. ');"><sup>16</sup></span>
י (דברי הימים ב לב, א) אחרי הדברים והאמת האלה בא סנחריב מלך אשור ויבא ביהודה ויחן על הערים הבצורות ויאמר לבקעם אליו האי רישנא להאי פרדשנא
10 'but he blesseth the habitation of the just' applies to Hezekiah, king of Judah, who ate [but] a <i>litra</i> of vegetables for his [entire] meal.)<a rel="footnote" href="#94a_17"><sup>17</sup></a> Now therefore, behold, the Lord bringeth up upon them the waters of the river, strong and many, even the king of Assyria: and all his glory.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. VIII, 7. This resumes the thread of the previous discussion, viz., 'How could Sennacherib claim to have been ordered by God to destroy Jerusalem?' which was interrupted by the digression on Pekah and Hezekiah. ');"><sup>18</sup></span>
יא אחרי הדברים והאמת (אחר מאי) אמר רבינא לאחר שקפץ הקב"ה ונשבע ואמר אי אמינא ליה לחזקיה מייתינא ליה לסנחריב ומסרנא ליה בידך השתא אמר לא הוא בעינא ולא ביעתותיה בעינא
11 And it is further written, And he shall pass through Judah; he shall overflow and go over, he shall reach even to the neck.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 8. ');"><sup>19</sup></span> Then if so, why was he [Sennacherib] punished? — The prophet prophesied with respect to the Ten Tribes, whereas he set his face against the whole of Jerusalem. [Thereupon] the prophet came and said to him, For the wearied is not for the oppressor.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 23, this makes emun, though in reality a passive, into an active. ');"><sup>20</sup></span>
יב מיד קפץ הקב"ה ונשבע דמייתינא ליה שנאמר (ישעיהו יד, כד) נשבע ה' צבאות לאמר אם לא כאשר דמיתי כן היתה וכאשר יעצתי היא תקום לשבור אשור בארצי ועל הרי אבוסנו וסר מעליהם עולו וסבלו מעל שכמו יסור א"ר יוחנן אמר הקב"ה יבא סנחריב וסיעתו ויעשה אבוס לחזקיהו ולסיעתו
12 R. Eleazar b. Berechiah said: [This means], the people that is tired out by [intensive study of] the Torah will not be delivered into the hands of her oppressor. What is meant by, When aforetime the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali did lighten [its burden], but in later times it was made heavy by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, in Galilea of the nations?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. ');"><sup>21</sup></span>
יג (ישעיהו י, כז) והיה ביום ההוא יסור סבלו מעל שכמך ועולו מעל צוארך וחובל עול מפני שמן א"ר יצחק נפחא חובל עול של סנחריב מפני שמנו של חזקיהו שהיה דולק בבתי כנסיות ובבתי מדרשות
13 — It is not as the early generations,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the Ten Tribes, who, having been destroyed in 722 B. C. E. could be thus referred to by Isaiah. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> who rejected<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'lightened from themselves'. ');"><sup>23</sup></span>
יד מה עשה נעץ חרב על פתח בית המדרש ואמר כל מי שאינו עוסק בתורה ידקר בחרב זו בדקו מדן ועד באר שבע ולא מצאו עם הארץ מגבת ועד אנטיפרס ולא מצאו תינוק ותינוקת איש ואשה שלא היו בקיאין בהלכות טומאה וטהרה
14 the yoke of the Torah; but as for the latter generations<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Hezekiah and his contemporaries. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> who strengthened<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'who made heavy'. ');"><sup>25</sup></span>
טו ועל אותו הדור הוא אומר (ישעיהו ז, כא) והיה ביום ההוא יחיה איש עגלת בקר ושתי צאן וגו' ואומר (ישעיהו ז, כג) והיה ביום ההוא יהיה כל מקום אשר יהיה שם אלף גפן באלף כסף לשמיר ולשית יהיה אע"פ שאלף גפן באלף כסף לשמיר ולשית יהיה
15 the yoke of the Torah upon themselves and are therefore worthy of having a miracle wrought for them, like those who passed over the [Red] Sea and the Jordan — should he [Sennacherib] repent [of his attack upon Jerusalem], 'tis well; but if not, I will render him the butt of the nations' scorn.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'I will make him wallow in the scorn of the nations'; another version: 'I will make him as dung (gelalim) among the nations.' These are renderings of [H] (Gelil ha-goyim), 'the Galilee of the Nations', [H] (gelil) being connected with [H] (galal), to roll. ');"><sup>26</sup></span> After these things, and the truth thereof, Sennacherib, king of Assyria, came and entered into Judah, and encamped against the fenced cities, and thought to win them for himself.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Chron. XXXII, 1. ');"><sup>27</sup></span>
טז (ישעיהו לג, ד) ואוסף שללכם אוסף החסיל אמר להם נביא לישראל אספו שללכם אמרו לו לבזוז או לחלוק אמר להם כאוסף החסיל מה אוסף החסיל כל אחד ואחד לעצמו אף שללכם כל אחד ואחד לעצמו
16 Is such a reward meet for such a gift?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The previous verse relates that Hezekiah turned earnestly to the service of God. Was then this — Sennacherib's invasion-his just reward? ');"><sup>28</sup></span> But what is meant by, 'After these things and the truth thereof'? — Rabina said: After the Holy One, blessed be He, had anticipated [events] by an oath.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This oath is referred to as 'the truth', (E.V. establishment) since 'God's seal is truth' (Rashi). ');"><sup>29</sup></span>
יז אמרו לו והלא ממון עשרת השבטים מעורב בו אמר להם (ישעיהו לג, ד) כמשק גבים שוקק בו מה גבים הללו מעלין את האדם מטומאה לטהרה אף ממונם של ישראל כיון שנפל ביד עובדי כוכבים מיד טיהר (כדרב פפא דאמר רב פפא) עמון ומואב טהרו בסיחון
17 For he reasoned thus: If I say to Hezekiah, 'I will bring Sennacherib and deliver him into thy hands', he will reply, 'I require neither [the ultimate victory over] him nor the [preceding] terror'; therefore the Holy One, blessed be He, forestalled him by swearing that he would bring him, as it is written, the Lord of Hosts hath sworn, saying, Surely as I have thought, so shall it come to pass, and as I have purposed, so shall it stand: That I will break the Assyrian in my land, and upon my mountains tread him under foot: then shall his yoke depart from off them, and his burden depart front off their shoulders.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. XIV, 24f. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> R. Johanan said: The Holy one, blessed be he, said thus: 'Let Sennacherib and his army<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'retinue'. ');"><sup>31</sup></span>
יח אמר רב הונא עשר מסעות נסע אותו רשע באותו היום שנאמר (ישעיהו י, כח) בא על עית עבר במגרון למכמש יפקיד כליו עברו מעברה גבע מלון לנו חרדה הרמה גבעת שאול נסה (ישעיהו י, ל) צהלי קולך בת גלים הקשיבה לישה עניה ענתות נדדה מדמנה יושבי הגבים העיזו ((ישעיהו י, לב) עוד היום בנוב לעמוד ינופף ידו הר בת ציון גבעת ירושלם)
18 come and be a crib for Hezekiah and his army.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Johanan connects [H] (E.V. 'tread him under foot') with [H], the trough or crib from which an animal feeds (cf. Isa. I, 3). Hezekiah's cattle would forage for food among the dead bones of Sennacherib's army as in a crib. ');"><sup>32</sup></span> And it shall come to pass in that day, that his burden shall be taken away from off thy shoulders, and his yoke from off thy neck, and the yoke shall be destroyed because of the oil.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. X, 27. ');"><sup>33</sup></span>
יט הני טובא הויין צהלי קולך בת גלים נביא הוא דקאמר לה לכנסת ישראל צהלי קולך בת גלים בתו של אברהם יצחק ויעקב שעשו מצות כגלי הים הקשיבה לישה מהאי לא תסתפי אלא איסתפי מנבוכדנצר הרשע דמתיל כאריה שנא' (ירמיהו ד, ז) עלה אריה מסובכו וגו'
19 R. Isaac, the Smith, said: [This means,] the yoke of Sennacherib shall be destroyed on account of the oil of Hezekiah, which burnt in the synagogues and schools. What did he do? — He planted a sword by the door of the schoolhouse and proclaimed, 'He who will not study the Torah will be pierced with the sword.' Search was made from Dan unto Beer Sheba, and no ignoramus was found; from Gabbath<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Later name for Biblical Gibbethon, in the territory of Dan (Josh. XIX, 44); this was later given to the Levites (ibid. XXI, 23). In the reign of Nadab it belonged to the Philistines (I Kings XV, 27). ');"><sup>34</sup></span> unto Antipris,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Also called Antipatris, a town northwest of Jerusalem, founded by Herod the Great and named after his father. (Jast.). The mention here of the locality by this name is an anachronism. ');"><sup>35</sup></span>
כ מאי
20 and no boy or girl, man or woman was found who was not thoroughly versed in the laws of cleanliness and uncleanliness.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' These are probably mentioned on account of their difficulty. The reference to girls and women is interesting as shewing that in the ideal Jewish state they too must be educated. ');"><sup>36</sup></span> And concerning that generation it is said, And it shall come to pass in that day, that a man shall nourish a young cow, and two sheep;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' lsa. VII, 21; i.e., one shall possess a minimum of cattle, so that very little time be required for its tending. ');"><sup>37</sup></span> and it is further said, And it shall come to pass on that day, that every place shall be, where there were a thousand vines at a thousand silverlings, it shall even be for briers and thorns:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 23. ');"><sup>38</sup></span> though a thousand vines be worth a thousand silverlings, yet shall it be for briers and thorns.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., in spite of the high price, people shall neglect the cultivation of the vines for the study of the law. ');"><sup>39</sup></span> And your spoil shall be gathered like the gathering of a caterpillar.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XXXIII, 4. ');"><sup>40</sup></span> The prophet said unto Israel: 'Gather your spoil.' Thereupon they questioned him, 'To take it as our own booty, or to divide it?'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Shall the booty belong to us, or must we divide it amongst other peoples, since it contains the spoil taken from the ten tribes, which is forbidden to us as theft? (Rashi.) ');"><sup>41</sup></span> 'Like the gathering of a caterpillar', replied he: just as caterpillars gather, each one for itself, so take your spoil, each one for himself. 'But', objected they, 'the wealth of the Ten tribes is mixed up therein.' He answered, 'As the watering of pools doth he water it:'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. ');"><sup>42</sup></span> just as pools purify the unclean,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'raise man from uncleanness to cleanness'. ');"><sup>43</sup></span> so are the possessions of Israel, which having fallen into the hands of heathens,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [I.e., Sennacherib and his armies plundered Israel of their possessions.] ');"><sup>44</sup></span> become clean [i.e., legitimate].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When the latter abandoned all hope of the return thereof; hence other Jews may take it. Here follows in the text a bracketed passage, which is rightly deleted as having no bearing upon the subject. ');"><sup>45</sup></span> R. Huna said: That wicked man<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sennacherib. ');"><sup>46</sup></span> made ten marches on that day, as it is written, [i] He is come to Aiath; [ii] he is passed at Migron; [iii] at Michmash he hath laid up his carriages; [iv] they are gone over the passage; [v] they have taken up their lodgings at Geba; [vi] Ramah is afraid; [vii] Gibeah of Saul is fled. [viii] Lift up thy voice, O daughter of Gallim, [ix] cause it to be heard unto Laish, [x] O poor Anathoth. [xi] Madmenah is removed; [xii] the inhabitants of Gebim gather themselves to flee.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. X, 28-31. ');"><sup>47</sup></span> But these are more [than ten]! Lift up thy voice, O daughter of Gallim was said by the prophet to the people of Israel: Lift up thy voice, O daughter of Gallim, thou daughter of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, who performed good deeds as the waves<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Heb. galle, constr. of gallim. ');"><sup>48</sup></span> of the sea [in multitude]. Cause it to be heard unto Laish: Fear not this man, but be in dread of the wicked Nebuchadnezzar, who is likened to a lion, as it is written, The Lion [sc. Nebuchadnezzar] is come up from his thicket.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Jer. IV, 7: laish (layyish) too is a 'lion'. 'Cause it to be heard unto laish' therefore means, 'thy cries should be on account of Nebuchadnezzar, the lion, not Sennacherib'. ');"><sup>49</sup></span> What is meant by