Sanhedrin 191

Chapter 191

א ושני נפשך במאי אישני אמר ליה זיל אייתי לי מספרא ואיגזייך אנא מהיכא אייתי א"ל עול לההוא ביתא ואייתי אזל אשכחינהו אתו מלאכי שרת ואידמו ליה כגברי והוו קא טחני קשייתא
1 'and disguise thyself'. 'How shall I disguise myself?' 'Bring me a razor, and I myself will shave thee'. He answered. 'Whence shall I procure it?' 'Enter that house and take it', He rejoined. So he went and found it there. But the Ministering angels appeared to him in the shape of men grinding palm kernels. 'Give me the razor,' said he. 'Grind a griwah<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A dry measure: the quantity put in one time into a handmill. ');"><sup>1</sup></span> of palm kernels,' they replied, 'and we will give it thee'. So he ground a griwah of palm kernels, and they gave him the razor. By the time he returned, it had become dark. 'Go and bring some fire', He ordered. So he went and brought fire. Whilst he was blowing it [into a blaze], it caught hold of his beard, whereupon He shaved off the hair of his head together with his beard.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus he was shaved with a razor hired by his own work, a work which is done 'by the riverside', viz., grinding, the water providing power for the mill. ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ב א"ל הבו לי מספרא א"ל טחון חד גריוא דקשייתא וניתן לך טחן חד גריוא דקשייתא ויהבו ליה מספרתא עד דאתא איחשך א"ל זיל אייתי נורא אזל ואייתי נורא בהדי דקא נפח ליה אתלי ביה נורא בדיקניה אזל גזייה לרישיה ודיקניה אמרו היינו דכתיב (ישעיהו ז, כ) וגם את הזקן תספה אמר רב פפא היינו דאמרי אינשי גרירתיה לארמאה שפיר ליה איתלי ליה נורא בדיקניה ולא שבעת חוכא מיניה
2 They [sc.' the scholars] said: That is what is meant by the phrase, and it shall also consume the beard.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'Consume' not being applicable to the action of a razor, something else must be intended, viz., the fire. ');"><sup>3</sup></span> R. Papa said: Thus men say, If thou art singeing [the hair of] an Aramean, and he is pleased therewith, set light to his beard; so wilt thou not suffer his mockery.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., even when he is pleased with a Jew, he is still a potential source of danger. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ג אזל אשכח דפא מתיבותא דנח אמר היינו אלהא רבא דשיזביה לנח מטופנא אמר אי אזיל ההוא גברא ומצלח מקרב להו לתרין בנוהי קמך שמעו בנוהי וקטלוהו היינו דכתיב (מלכים ב יט, לז) ויהי הוא משתחוה בית נסרוך אלהיו ואדרמלך ושראצר בניו הכהו בחרב וגו'
3 He then went away and found a plank of Noah's ark. 'This', said he, 'must be the great God who saved Noah from the flood. If I<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 646, n. 6. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> go [to battle] and am successful, I will sacrifice my two sons to thee', he vowed. But his sons heard this, so they killed him, as it is written, And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer his sons smote him with the sword etc.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Kings XIX, 37. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ד (בראשית יד, טו) ויחלק עליהם לילה הוא ועבדיו ויכם וגו' אמר רבי יוחנן אותו מלאך שנזדמן לו לאברהם לילה שמו שנאמר (איוב ג, ג) והלילה אמר הורה גבר ור' יצחק נפחא אמר שעשה עמו מעשה לילה שנאמר (שופטים ה, כ) מן שמים נלחמו הכוכבים ממסלותם נלחמו עם סיסרא אמר ריש לקיש טבא דנפחא מדבר נפחא
4 And he fought against them, he and his servants, by night [lailah]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] ');"><sup>7</sup></span> and smote them.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gen. XIV, 15. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
ה וירדף עד דן אמר רבי יוחנן כיון שבא אותו צדיק עד דן תשש כחו ראה בני בניו שעתידין לעבוד ע"ז בדן שנאמר (מלכים א יב, כט) וישם את האחד בבית אל ואת האחד נתן בדן ואף אותו רשע לא נתגבר עד שהגיע לדן שנאמר (ירמיהו ח, טז) מדן נשמע נחרת סוסיו
5 R. Johanan said: The angel who was appointed to [aid] Abraham was named lailah [Night]. as it is written, [Let the day perish wherein I was born], and the Lailah which said, There is a man child conceived.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Job III, 3 the verse is translated: And Lailah fought on their behalf; he (Abraham) and his etc. ');"><sup>9</sup></span> R. Isaac, the smith, said: He [the angel] set into motion the activities of the night [viz.. the stars] on his behalf, as it is written, They fought from heaven; the stars in their courses fought against Sisera.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Judges V, 20; thus, just as there, so here too. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
ו אמר רבי זירא אע"ג דשלח ר' (יהודה בן בתירא מנציבין) הזהרו בזקן ששכח תלמודו מחמת אונסו והזהרו בוורידין כר' יהודה והזהרו בבני עמי הארץ שמהן תצא תורה כי הא מילתא מודעינן להו
6 Resh Lakish said: The smith's interpretation is better than the son of the smith's.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So Rashi, assuming that R. Johanan was the son of a smith. But Bar Nappaha may simply mean a smith (Jast.); R. Johanan was so occasionally dubbed; e.g., B.M. 85b. Rashi also suggests that the name may allude to his beauty. In that case [H] may be understood, the sense being, inflaming one's desires. ');"><sup>11</sup></span> And he pursued them unto Dan.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gen. XIV, 14. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
ז (ירמיהו יב, א) צדיק אתה ה' כי אריב אליך אך משפטים אדבר אותך מדוע דרך רשעים צלחה שלו כל בוגדי בגד נטעתם גם שורשו ילכו גם עשו פרי מאי אהדרו ליה (ירמיהו יב, ה) כי את רגלים רצתה וילאוך ואיך תתחרה את הסוסים ובארץ שלום אתה בוטח ואיך תעשה בגאון הירדן
7 R. Johanan said: As soon as that righteous man came unto Dan, his strength failed him, for he [prophetically] saw his descendants who would practise idolatry in Dan, as it is written, And he set the one in Beth-el, and the other put he in Dan.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I Kings XII, 29. The reference is to the golden calves set up by Jeroboam. ');"><sup>13</sup></span> That wicked man [Nebuchadnezzar] too did not prevail until he reached Dan, as it is written, The snorting of his horses was heard from Dan.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Jer. VIII, 16. ');"><sup>14</sup></span>
ח משל לאדם אחד שאמר יכול אני לרוץ ג' פרסאות לפני הסוסים בין בצעי המים נזדמן לו רגלי אחד רץ לפניו ג' מילין ביבשה ונלאה א"ל ומה לפני רגלי כך לפני הסוסים עאכ"ו ומה שלשת מילין כך ג' פרסאות על אחת כמה וכמה ומה ביבשה כך בין בצעי המים על אחת כמה וכמה
8 R. Zera said: Though R. Judah b. Bathyra<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Var. lec., R. Joshua b. Levi; but v. next note. ');"><sup>15</sup></span> sent a message from Nisibis,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Nisibis was on the frontier of Armenia, not far from Mesopotamia. There R. Judah b. Bathyra had his school. (V. supra, 32b — this fact supports the reading of our text.) ');"><sup>16</sup></span>
ט אף אתה ומה בשכר ארבע פסיעות ששלמתי לאותו רשע שרץ אחר כבודי אתה תמיה כשאני משלם שכר לאברהם יצחק ויעקב שרצו לפני כסוסים עאכ"ו היינו דכתיב (ירמיהו כג, ט) לנביאים נשבר לבי בקרבי רחפו כל עצמותי הייתי כאיש שכור וכגבר עברו יין מפני ה' ומפני דברי קדשו
9 [saying]. Observe [the respect due to] a scholar<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'elder,' but generally used of a mature scholar. ');"><sup>17</sup></span> who has forgotten his learning through a misfortune [e.g., illness]; and be careful [to cut] the jugular veins, in accordance with R. Judah's ruling;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When a fowl is slaughtered, the jugular vein, which contains much blood, must be cut too; otherwise the fowl may not be roasted whole. This is R. Judah's opinion. ');"><sup>18</sup></span>
י הני ד' פסיעות מאי היא דכתיב (ישעיהו לט, א) בעת ההיא שלח מרודך בלאדן בן בלאדן מלך בבל ספרים וגו' משום כי חלה חזקיהו ויחזק שדר ליה ספרים ומנחה (אין) (דברי הימים ב לב, לא) לדרוש (את) המופת אשר היה בארץ דאמר רבי יוחנן אותו היום שמת בו אחז שתי שעות היה
10 and be heedful of the honour due to the children of the ignorant, for from them proceedeth the Torah:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Though the fathers may be unlearned, the children, if scholars, must be duly respected, for they may be the forebears of great scholars, as is evidenced by Shemaiah and Abtalion who were the descendants of Sennacherib (Rashi); v. infra 96b. ');"><sup>19</sup></span> yet such a thing as this is made known to them.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The reference is not quite clear. Rashi gives two alternatives: (i) They are honoured on account of the slight merit which their father possessed; or (ii) they are honoured solely on account of their learning, not their ancestry, lest they forget their ignoble origin. ');"><sup>20</sup></span>
יא וכי חלה חזקיהו ואיתפח אהדרינהו קודשא בריך הוא להנך עשר שעי ניהליה דכתב (ישעיהו לח, ח) הנני משיב את צל המעלות אשר ירדה במעלות אחז בשמש אחורנית עשר מעלות ותשב השמש עשר מעלות במעלות אשר ירדה א"ל מאי האי א"ל חזקיהו חלש ואיתפח אמר איכא גברא כי האי ולא בעינא לשדורי ליה שלמא כתבו ליה שלמא למלכא חזקיה שלם לקרתא דירושלם שלם לאלהא רבא
11 [Viz..] Righteous art thou, O Lord, when I plead with thee: Yet let me talk to thee of thy judgments: wherefore doth the way of the wicked prosper? Wherefore are all they happy that deal very treacherously? Thou hast planted them, yea, they have taken root: they grow, yea, they bring forth fruit.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Jer. XII, 1f. The question refers to Nebuchadnezar's military successes, particularly in Palestine. ');"><sup>21</sup></span> What was he answered? — If thou hast run with the footmen, and they have wearied thee, then how canst thou contend with the horses? And if in the land of peace, wherein thou trustedst, they wearied thee, then how wilt thou do in the swelling of the Jordan?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid, 5. ');"><sup>22</sup></span>
יב נבוכדנאצר ספריה דבלאדן הוה ההיא שעתא לא הוה התם כי אתא אמר להו היכי כתביתו אמרו ליה הכי כתבינן אמר להו קריתו ליה אלהא רבא וכתביתו ליה לבסוף אמר אלא הכי כתובו שלם לאלהא רבא שלם לקרתא דירושלם שלם למלכא חזקיה אמרי ליה קריינא דאיגרתא איהו ליהוי פרוונקא
12 This may be compared to a man who boasted, 'I can run three parasangs in front of horses on marshy land.' But happening to meet a pedestrian, he ran three mils<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Mil = 1/4 parasang. ');"><sup>23</sup></span> before him on dry land, and was exhausted. Thereupon he said to him: 'If thou art thus before a pedestrian, how much more so before horses: and if three mils have so [tired thee], how much more so three parasangs; and if on dry land it is thus, how much more so on marshy swamps!' It is even so with thee: if thou art thus astonished at the reward wherewith<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When a fowl is slaughtered, the jugular vein, which contains much blood, must be cut too; otherwise the fowl may not be roasted whole. This is R. Judah's opinion. ');"><sup>18</sup></span>
יג רהט בתריה כדרהיט ארבע פסיעות אתא גבריאל ואוקמיה אמר ר' יוחנן אילמלא (לא) בא גבריאל והעמידו לא היה תקנה לשונאיהם של ישראל
13 requited that wicked man for the four steps which he ran in my honour,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The allusion is explained further on. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> how much more when I give their due reward to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who ran before me like horses [i.e., eagerly and swiftly]! Hence it is written, My heart within me is broken because of the prophets;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., Abraham, Isaac and Jacob: I am filled with wonderment at the magnitude of their reward. Maharsha explains this more naturally: My heart is broken because of the false prophets, who assure Israel that Nebuchadnezzar will not meet with success in Palestine, being a greater sinner than the Jews. But that is a false hope: he shall be rewarded with victory on account of the four steps which he ran in God's honour. ');"><sup>25</sup></span>
יד מאי בלאדן בן בלאדן אמרי בלאדן מלכא הוה ואישתני אפיה והוה כי דכלבא הוה יתיב בריה על מלכותא כי הוה כתיב הוה כתיב שמיה ושמיה דאבוה בלאדן מלכא היינו דכתיב (מלאכי א, ו) בן יכבד אב ועבד אדניו
14 all my bones shake; I am like a drunken man, and like a man whom wine hath overcome; because of the Lord, and because of the words of his holiness.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XXIII, 9. ');"><sup>26</sup></span> To what does the 'four steps' refer? — As it is written, At that time, Merodach-baladan, the son of Baladan, king of Babylon, sent letters and a present to Hezekiah: [for he had heard that he had been sick, and was recovered].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. XXXIX, 1. ');"><sup>27</sup></span>
טו בן יכבד אב הא דאמרן ועבד אדוניו דכתי' (ירמיהו נב, יב) ובחודש החמישי בעשור לחדש היא שנת תשע עשרה [שנה] למלך נבוכדנאצר מלך בבל בא נבוזראדן רב טבחים עמד לפני מלך בבל בירושלם וישרף את בית ה' ואת בית המלך
15 But just because Hezekiah had fallen sick and was recovered, he sent him letters and a present!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Surely not! ');"><sup>28</sup></span> Indeed 'to enquire of the wonder that was done in the land.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Chron. XXXII, 31. ');"><sup>29</sup></span> For R. Johanan said: The day on which Ahaz died consisted of but two hours;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., it set ten hours too soon, to allow of no time for the funeral obsequies and eulogies. This was in order to make atonement for his sins, for the disgrace of being deprived of the usual funeral honours expiates ones misdeeds, as stated supra 46b and 47a. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> and when Hezekiah sickened and recovered, the Holy One, blessed be He, restored those ten hours, as it is written, Behold, I will bring again the shadow of the degrees, which is gone down in the sun dial of Ahaz, ten degrees backward. So the sun returned ten degrees, by which degrees it was gone down.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. XXXVIII, 8. The return of the ten degrees is assumed to mean a prolongation of the day by ten hours, light having healing powers. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> Thereupon he [Merodach-baladan] inquired of them [his courtiers], 'What is this?' They replied, 'Hezekiah has sickened and recovered.' 'There is such a [great] man,' exclaimed he, 'and shall I not send him a greeting! Write thus to him: "Peace to King Hezekiah, peace to the city of Jerusalem, and peace to the great God!"' Now Nebuchadnezzar was Baladan's scribe, but just then he was not present. When he came, he asked them, 'How did ye write?' And they told him, 'We wrote thus and thus.' 'Ye called him the great God,' said he, 'yet ye mentioned him last! Thus,' said he, 'should ye have written: "peace to the great God, peace to the city of Jerusalem, and peace to King Hezekiah."' 'Let the reader of the letter,' said they to him, 'become the messenger.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., let him who gave the advice carry it out. ');"><sup>32</sup></span> So he ran after him;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the messenger, who was already on his way, to recall him and rewrite it. ');"><sup>33</sup></span> but when he had taken four steps, Gabriel came and made him halt. R. Johanan observed: Had not Gabriel come and stopped him, nothing could have saved<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'there would have been no remedy for&nbsp;… ');"><sup>34</sup></span> the enemies of Israel.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A euphemism for the Jews themselves. Had he run further and actually carried out his desire, his title to reward would have been so great as to enable him to wipe out Israel. The scholarly children of the ignorant — a synonym here for the wicked — should thus be informed that the honour paid to them is due to the slight merit of their fathers, as in this case. ');"><sup>35</sup></span> Why was he called [Merodach-]Baladan the son of Baladan?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' It being unusual for father and son to bear the same name. ');"><sup>36</sup></span> It is told: Baladan was a king whose face turned into that of a dog,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [In Assyrian-Babylonian Monuments there are to be seen dogs in the company of Merodach, and this is very likely an explanation of this conception of Baladan's dog-face; v. Ginzberg, Legends, VI, 368, 82.] ');"><sup>37</sup></span> so that his son sat upon his throne instead. In his documents he wrote his own name, and the name of his father, King Baladan, [i.e., Merodach-baladan]. This is the meaning of the verse, A son honoureth his father, and a servant his master.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Mal. I, 6. ');"><sup>38</sup></span> Now, 'a son honoureth his father' refers to what has just been said. 'And a servant his master' — as it is written, Now in the fifth month, in the tenth day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, came Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, and stood before the king of Babylon in Jerusalem, And burned the house of the Lord, and the king's house.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Jer. LII, 12f. ');"><sup>39</sup></span>