Sanhedrin 28

Chapter 28

א בעליל לעיר צריך לעסוק במדידה
1 at the entrance of a town, measurement must be made. Our Mishnah<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which requires only members of the Sanhedrin to come forth. ');"><sup>1</sup></span>
ב מתניתין דלא כי האי תנא דתניא רבי אליעזר בן יעקב אומר (דברים כא, ב) ויצאו זקניך ושופטיך זקניך זו סנהדרין ושופטיך זה מלך וכהן גדול מלך דכתיב (משלי כט, ד) מלך במשפט יעמיד ארץ כהן גדול דכתיב (דברים יז, ט) ובאת אל הכהנים הלוים ואל השופט
2 is not in accord with the following Tanna. For it has been taught: R. Eliezer b. Jacob says, Thy elders and thy judges shall come forth.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. ');"><sup>2</sup></span> 'Thy elders', refers to the Sanhedrin; 'and thy judges', to the King and High Priest. [That it 'refers to] the King' is deduced from the verse, The King by justice establisheth the land.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Prov. XXIX, 4. The deduction is based on the cognate words 'judges' and 'justice', whence it follows that the same person is meant in both. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ג איבעיא להו רבי אליעזר בן יעקב בחדא פליג או בתרתי פליג במלך וכהן גדול פליג אבל בסנהדרי אי כר' יהודה אי כרבי שמעון או דילמא בסנהדרי נמי פליג דאמר כולה סנהדרי בעינן
3 'The High Priest', as it is written, And thou shalt come unto the Priests, the Levites and unto the Judges.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XVII, 9. ');"><sup>4</sup></span> The schoolmen asked: Does R. Eliezer b. Jacob differ from the Mishnah in one thing, or in two? Does he differ only with respect to the King and High Priest,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Viz., that they must come forth, ');"><sup>5</sup></span>
ד אמר רב יוסף ת"ש מצאן אבית פגי והמרה עליהן יכול תהא המראתו המראה ת"ל (דברים יז, ח) וקמת ועלית אל המקום מלמד שהמקום גורם
4 but as to the [number of the members of the] Sanhedrin, [he agrees with] either R. Judah or R. Simeon; or does he differ on that point too, requiring the whole Sanhedrin to come forth? — Said R. Joseph: Come and hear! If he [sc. the rebellious elder]<a rel="footnote" href="#56a_6"><sup>6</sup></a> found them<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Sanhedrin. ');"><sup>7</sup></span>
ה דנפוק כמה אילימא מקצתן דילמא הנך דאיכא גואי קיימי כוותיה אלא פשיטא דנפוק כולהו למאי אילימא לדבר הרשות מי מצו נפקי והכתיב (שיר השירים ז, ג) שררך אגן הסהר אל יחסר המזג אלא פשיטא לדבר מצוה
5 at Beth Pagi,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'The house of figs', a place within the walls of Jerusalem, which is treated as Jerusalem in all matters. The place cannot be exactly identified. V. Neubauer, Geographie, 147ff. ');"><sup>8</sup></span> and there rebelled against their decision, one might assume that his rebellion was punishable.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'is a rebellion', which is punishable by strangulation. ');"><sup>9</sup></span>
ו היכי דמי לאו למדידת עגלה ורבי אליעזר בן יעקב היא דאמר כולי סנהדרי בעינן אמר ליה אביי לא כגון שיצאו להוסיף על העיר ועל העזרות כדתנן אין מוסיפין על העיר ועל העזרות אלא בבית דין של שבעים ואחד
6 Scripture therefore declares, And then shalt thou arise and get thee up unto the place,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XVII, 8. ');"><sup>10</sup></span> [thus teaching] that it is the place that conditions [the act].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., on the Temple Mount alone can a rebellious elder be judged. (V. infra 87a). ');"><sup>11</sup></span>
ז תניא כוותיה דרב יוסף מצאן אבית פאגי והמרה עליהן כגון שיצאו למדידת עגלה ולהוסיף על העיר ועל העזרות יכול שתהא המראתו המראה ת"ל וקמת ועלית אל המקום מלמד שהמקום גורם:
7 Now, how many had gone out? If only part of the Sanhedrin [how could the elder be condemned?] Perhaps those remaining inside would have agreed with him? It is clear therefore that the whole of the Sanhedrin must have gone out, But if so, for what? Shall we say, for a secular purpose! Are they then permitted to go out? Is it not written, Thy navel is like a round goblet wherein no mingled wine is wanting?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cant. VII, 3. I.e., if one wished to leave, it must be seen that twenty-three remain. Cf. infra 37b. ');"><sup>12</sup></span> Hence it was obviously for a religious purpose, and for what else, if not for measuring in connection with the heifer, the author of the passage being R. Eliezer b. Jacob, who holds that the attendance of the whole Sanhedrin is required?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus proving that he differs in both matters. ');"><sup>13</sup></span>
ח נטע רבעי ומעשר שני שאין דמיו ידועין בשלשה: תנו רבנן איזהו מעשר שני שאין דמיו ידועין פירות שהרקיבו ויין שהקרים ומעות שהחלידו תנו רבנן מעשר שני שאין דמיו ידועין פודין אותו בשלשה לקוחות אבל לא בשלשה שאין לקוחות אפילו נכרי אחד מהן אפילו אחד מהם בעלים
8 Abaye retorted: No; they might have gone out for the purpose of enlarging the city<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of Jerusalem. ');"><sup>14</sup></span> or the Temple court-yards, as we learnt: The city or the Temple court-yards may be enlarged only by [the sanction of] a court of seventy-one.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Shebu. 14a. ');"><sup>15</sup></span>
ט בעי רבי ירמיה שלשה ומטילין לתוך כיס אחד מהו תא שמע איש ושתי נשיו פודין מעשר שני שאין דמיו ידועין דילמא כגון רב פפא ובת אבא סוראה:
9 The following Baraitha agrees with R. Joseph:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who assumes that their purpose was for measuring in connection with the heifer. ');"><sup>16</sup></span> If he<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The rebellious elder. ');"><sup>17</sup></span>
י ההקדשות בשלשה: מתניתין דלא כי האי תנא דתניא ר' אליעזר בן יעקב אומר אפילו צינורא של הקדש צריכה עשרה בני אדם לפדותה
10 met them<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Sanhedrin. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> at Beth Pagi and rebelled against their decision, when, for example, they had gone out for the purpose of measuring in connection with the heifer, or for the enlargement of the city or the Temple Courtyards, you might assume that his rebellion is culpable;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 67, n. 10. ');"><sup>19</sup></span>
יא א"ל רב פפא לאביי בשלמא לרבי אליעזר בן יעקב דאמר כשמואל דאמר שמואל עשרה כהנים כתובין בפרשה אלא לרבנן שלשה מנא להו
11 but it is written, — And thou shalt arise and get thee up to the place,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XVII, 8. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> to teach that it is the place that conditions [the act].
יב וכי תימא דכתיב בהו שלשה קרקעות דכתיב בהו ארבעה תיסגי בארבעה וכי תימא הכי נמי אלמה תנן הקרקעות תשעה וכהן
12 THE VALUATION OF THE FOURTH YEAR'S FRUIT, AND THE SECOND TITHE THE VALUE OF WHICH IS NOT KNOWN, IS BY THREE. Our Rabbis taught: What kind of second tithe has no established price? Decayed fruit, wine that has grown a skin,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gone sour. ');"><sup>21</sup></span> and rusty coins.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., if the second tithe was redeemed, and the redemption money became rusty, and lost its face value, the coins must be assessed and redeemed (i.e., exchanged) for others of current acceptance. ');"><sup>22</sup></span>
יג אלא מאי דמשלמי בהו עשרה הקדשות דמשלמי בהו שיתא ליבעו שיתא קשיא:
13 Our Rabbis taught: The second tithe that has no fixed price is to be redeemed [at the valuation of] three [experienced] dealers, but not by three who are inexperienced.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'who are not dealers'. ');"><sup>23</sup></span> Even a Gentile or the owner may be amongst the assessors. R. Jeremiah propounded: What of three who are business partners,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'Three who throw into one purse'. ');"><sup>24</sup></span>
יד הערכין כו': מאי ערכין המטלטלין א"ר גידל אמר רב באומר ערך כלי זה עלי דא"ר גידל אמר רב
14 [can they be appointed valuers]? — Come and hear! 'A man and his two wives may redeem the second tithe of unknown value.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And those have a common purse. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> Perhaps in a case such as that of R. Papa and [his wife], the daughter of Abba from Sura.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who traded on her own, and he had therefore no share in her profits (cf. Keth. 39a). ');"><sup>26</sup></span> DEDICATION IS BY THREE. Our Mishnah is not in accordance with the following Tanna: For it has been taught: R. Eliezer b. Jacob said: Even a hook of the sanctuary requires ten persons [to assess it] for its redemption.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. infra 88a. ');"><sup>27</sup></span> R. Papa said to Abaye: As to R. Eliezer b. Jacob's opinion, it is well, its grounds being Samuel's dictum. For Samuel said: There are ten Biblical references to Priest in the Chapter.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Relating to the laws of Redemption; thrice in reference to human beings, Lev. XXVII, 8; thrice in reference to beasts; ibid. 11-13, and four times in reference to land, ibid. 14, 18, 23, — from which he deduces the need of ten persons for valuation. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> But whence do the Rabbis learn that only three [are required]? And should you answer: Because it [sc. the word Priest] appears three times in relation thereto;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., in the section dealing with the redemption of animals, and presumably the same applies to the redemption of all forms of hekdesh. ');"><sup>29</sup></span> then since with reference to land [redemption] the word appears four times, let four be sufficient? And should you say that this is indeed so, have we not learnt: THE VALUATION OF LAND REQUIRES NINE PERSONS AND A PRIEST? But what [will you say]? — That this is because with these verses the ten references are completed? Then should not other consecrated objects,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Such as unclean beasts. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> with the section on which six such references are completed, require six assessors? The difficulty was not solved. THE ASSESSMENT OF MOVABLE OBJECTS etc. What is meant by THE ASSESSMENT OF MOVABLE OBJECTS?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For the laws of assessment in Lev. XXVII comprise only men, beasts and land. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> R. Giddal, reporting Rab, says: For example, one who says, 'I undertake to give the value of this vessel';<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To the Sanctuary. ');"><sup>32</sup></span> for, R. Giddal said, reporting Rab: