Sanhedrin 45

Chapter 45

א מתני׳ <big><strong>דיני</strong></big> ממונות בשלשה זה בורר לו אחד וזה בורר לו אחד ושניהן בוררין להן עוד אחד דברי ר"מ וחכמים אומרים שני דיינין בוררין להן עוד אחד
1 <b><i>MISHNAH</i></b>. CIVIL ACTIONS [ARE TO BE TRIED] BY THREE. EACH [LITIGANT] CHOOSESONE, AND THE TWO JOINTLY CHOOSE A THIRD: SO HOLDS R. MEIR. BUT THE SAGESRULE: THE TWO JUDGES NOMINATE THE THIRD. EACH PARTY MAY OBJECT TO THE JUDGECHOSEN BY THE OTHER, SO HOLDS R. MEIR. BUT THE SAGES SAY: WHEN IS THIS SO?ONLY IF THE OBJECTOR ADDUCES PROOF THAT THEY ARE EITHER KINSMEN OR [OTHERWISE]INELIGIBLE; BUT IF FIT OR RECOGNISED BY THE <i>BETH DIN</i> ASMUMHIN,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Glos. ');"><sup>1</sup></span>
ב זה פוסל דיינו של זה וזה פוסל דיינו של זה דברי ר' מאיר וחכמים אומרים אימתי בזמן שמביא עליהן ראיה שהן קרובין או פסולין אבל אם היו כשרין או מומחין מפי בית דין אינו יכול לפוסלן
2 THEY CANNOT BE DISQUALIFIED.
ג זה פוסל עדיו של זה וזה פוסל עדיו של זה דברי רבי מאיר וחכמים אומרים אימתי בזמן שמביא עליהן ראיה שהן קרובין או פסולין אבל אם היו כשרין אינו יכול לפוסלן:
3 EACH PARTY MAY REJECT THE WITNESSES PRODUCED BY THEOTHER:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Gemara discusses the conditions of such disqualification. ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ד <big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> מאי זה בורר לו אחד וזה בורר לו אחד בתלתא סגי
4 SO HOLDS R. MEIR. BUT THE SAGESSAY, WHEN IS THIS SO? ONLY WHEN PROOF IS BROUGHT THAT THEY ARE EITHER KINSMENOR [OTHERWISE] INELIGIBLE; BUT IF THEY ARE [LEGALLY] ELIGIBLE, NO ONE CANDISQUALIFY THEM.
ה הכי קאמר כשזה בורר לו ב"ד אחד וזה בורר לו ב"ד אחד שניהן בוררין להן עוד אחד
5 <b><i>GEMARA</i></b>. Why should each of the parties choose one [Bethdin]:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which consists of three judges. By 'ONE' in the Mishnah, the text understands a court, according to which interpretation nine judges are necessary. So Rashi. This, however, is a very strained interpretation, particularly in view of the opening statement of the Mishnah: CIVIL ACTIONS ARE TO BE TRIED BY THREE. Tosaf. therefore states that the question is based on the assumption that the meaning of the Mishnah is this: Each litigant chooses a complete Beth din; and then the two courts jointly nominate a third court, and it is the third court that tries the case. Hence the question: Why such a clumsy proceeding: cannot the two litigants jointly select one court which shall try the action? ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ו ואפילו לוה מצי מעכב והאמר ר' אלעזר לא שנו אלא מלוה אבל לוה כופין אותו ודן בעירו
6 do not three [judges] suffice?— The Mishnah is meant thus: If each party chose a different <i>Beth din</i>, [sothat one is not mutually accepted], they must jointly choose athird.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' But it is not meant that the procedure must be so from the very outset. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ז כדאמר רבי יוחנן בערכאות שבסוריא שנו הכא נמי בערכאות שבסוריא שנו אבל מומחין לא
7 Can then the debtor too reject[the <i>Beth din</i> chosen by the creditor]? Did not R. Eleazarsay:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Infra 31b in regard to a dispute as to place of trial. ');"><sup>5</sup></span>
ח רב פפא אמר אפילו תימא מומחין כגון בי דינא דרב הונא ודרב חסדא דקאמר ליה מי קא מטרחנא לך
8 This refers only to the creditor;but the debtor can be compelled to appear for trial in his [the creditor's]town? — It is as R. Johanan said [below]: we learnt this only in referenceto Syrian lawcourts;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Tribunals set up by the Romans and in charge of Jewish judges whose decisions were based on precedent and common sense rather than Biblical or Rabbinic Law, cf. Buchler, Sepphoris, 21 ff.] ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ט תנן וחכ"א שני דיינין בוררין להן עוד אחד ואי ס"ד כדקאמרינן ב"ד בית דין בתר דפסלי להו אזלו ובררו להו בי דינא אחריני
9 and so here too;but not Mumhin.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' These cannot be disqualified by the debtor. ');"><sup>7</sup></span>
י ועוד מאי זה בורר לו אחד וזה בורר לו אחד
10 R. Papa said: It mayeven refer to Mumhin, e.g., the courts of R. Huna and R.Hisda,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [R. Huna's court was at Sura, and R. Hisda had his school, according to Sherira, at Matha Mehasia on the outskirts of Sura.] ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
יא אלא ה"ק כשזה בורר לו דיין אחד וזה בורר לו דיין אחד שניהן בוררין להן עוד אחד
11 for he [the debtor] can say:Am I giving you any trouble?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For, while it is just that the debtor shall not have the power of putting the creditor to great trouble in choice of locale, seeing that the debtor is under an obligation to the creditor, this objection does not hold good when the two courts are so close to each other. ');"><sup>9</sup></span>
יב מאי שנא דעבדי הכי אמרי במערבא משמיה דר' זירא מתוך שזה בורר לו דיין אחד וזה בורר לו דיין אחד ושניהן בוררין להן עוד אחד יצא הדין לאמיתו:
12 We learnt: THE SAGES RULE: THE TWO JUDGES NOMINATE THE THIRD. Now, shouldyou think it means as we have said, viz., Bethdin;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., each litigant chooses a Beth din. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
יג וחכמים אומרים כו': נימא בדרב יהודה אמר רב קמיפלגי
13 can a <i>Beth din</i>, after beingrejected, go and choose themanother?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Surely not! ');"><sup>11</sup></span>
יד דאמר רב יהודה אמר רב אין העדים חותמין על השטר אלא א"כ יודעין מי חותם עמהן רבי מאיר לית ליה דרב יהודה אמר רב ורבנן אית להו דרב יהודה אמר רב
14 Again, how interpret, EACHPARTY CHOOSES ONE?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which implies that the actual procedure must be so from the beginning. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
טו לא דכולי עלמא אית להו דרב יהודה אמר רב ודעת הדיינין כ"ע לא פליגי דבעינן כי פליגי דעת בעלי דינין ר"מ סבר דעת בעלי דינין נמי בעינן ורבנן סברי דעת הדיינין בעינן דעת בעלי דינין לא בעינן
15 — But it meansthus: Each [litigant] having chosen a judge, these two [litigants] jointlyselect a third. Why should they do so? — They said in 'the West'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Jeremiah, supra 17b. ');"><sup>13</sup></span>
טז גופא אמר רב יהודה אמר רב אין העדים חותמין על השטר כו' תניא נמי הכי כך היו נקיי הדעת שבירושלים עושין לא היו חותמין על השטר אלא א"כ יודעין מי חותם עמהן ולא היו יושבין בדין אלא א"כ יודעין מי יושב עמהן ולא היו נכנסין בסעודה אלא אם כן יודעין מי מיסב עמהן:
16 in thename of R. Zera: Since each selects a judge, and together they [the litigants]select the third, a true judgment will berendered.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For both parties have confidence in the court. ');"><sup>14</sup></span>
יז זה פוסל דיינו כו': כל כמיניה דפסיל דייני
17 BUT THE SAGES RULE etc. Shall we say thatthey<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Meir and the Sages. ');"><sup>15</sup></span>
יח א"ר יוחנן בערכאות שבסוריא שנו אבל מומחים לא
18 differ in regard to the lawcited by Rab Judah in the name of Rab? For Rab Judah said in the name ofRab: Witnesses may not sign a deed unless they are aware who is to sign withthem:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., who is the other witness. The reason is that the other witness may prove to be unfit, in which case both signatures are null, and the eligible signatory is thus put to shame. ');"><sup>16</sup></span>
יט הא מדקתני סיפא וחכ"א אימתי בזמן שמביא ראיה שהן קרובין או פסולין אבל אם היו כשרין או מומחין מפי ב"ד אינו יכול לפוסלן מכלל דר' מאיר מומחין נמי קאמר
19 R. Meir thus disagreeing withthe dictum of Rab Judah given in the name ofRab,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., he does not require the witnesses to know beforehand who will join them; and in the same way, it is unnecessary for the two judges to know beforehand whether the third will be a fit and proper person; therefore the third is selected by the litigants. ');"><sup>17</sup></span>
כ ה"ק אבל אם היו כשרין נעשו כמומחין מפי ב"ד ואינו יכול לפוסלן
20 while the Rabbis acceptit?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. previous note; the reasoning is reversed. ');"><sup>18</sup></span>
כא ת"ש אמרו לו לר"מ לא כל הימנו שפוסל דיין שמומחה לרבים
21 — No, all agree with Rab Judah'sstatement in Rab's name and none dispute that the [third judge] must havethe consent of his colleagues; they only differ as to whether the consentof the litigants is necessary. R. Meir maintains that the consent of thelitigants is also required, while the Rabbis hold, only that of the judgesis required, but not that of the litigants.
כב אימא לא כל הימנו שפוסל דיין שהמחוהו רבים עליהם
22 The [above] text [states]: Rab Judah said in Rab's name: Witnesses may notsign a deed etc. It has been taught likewise: The fairminded<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H], [ (a) 'the cautious' (Buchler); (b) 'the pious' (Muller); (c) 'the nobility' (Klein, S. [H] I, 72 ff.)] ');"><sup>19</sup></span>
כג תניא נמי הכי לעולם פוסל והולך עד שיקבל עליו ב"ד שמומחה לרבים דברי ר"מ
23 of the people in Jerusalemused to act thus: They would not sign a deed without knowing who would signwith them; they would not sit in judgment unless they knew who was to sitwith them; and they would not sit at table without knowing their fellow diners.
כד והא עדים כמומחין דמי ואמר ר"מ זה פוסל עדיו של זה וזה פוסל עדיו של זה
24 EACH PARTY MAY OBJECT TO THE JUDGE CHOSEN BY THE OTHER.
כה הא איתמר עלה אמר ריש לקיש פה קדוש יאמר דבר זה תני עדו
25 Has then anyone the right to reject judges? — R. Johanan said: This refersto the Syrian courts.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' v. supra p. 130, n. 2. ');"><sup>20</sup></span>
כו עדו למאי אילימא לממון רחמנא פסליה אי לשבועה הימוני מהימן כבי תרי
26 But [you saythat] Mumhin cannot be rejected? Surely since the last clause states, BUTTHE SAGES SAY: WHEN IS THIS SO? ONLY IF THE OBJECTOR ADDUCES PROOF THAT THEYARE EITHER KINSMEN OR [OTHERWISE] INELIGIBLE; BUT IF FIT OR RECOGNISED BYTHE <i>BETH DIN</i> AS MUMHIN, THEY CANNOT BE DISQUALIFIED: does it not follow thatR. Meir refers even to Mumhin! — It is meant thus: But if they are fit,they rank as Mumhin appointed by the <i>Beth din</i>, and so cannot be disqualified.
כז לעולם לממון לא צריכא דקבליה עליה כבי תרי
27 Come and hear: 'The Rabbis said to R. Meir: It does not rest with him toreject a judge who is a Mumheh for thepublic'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' From this it may be inferred that in R. Meir's opinion even Mumhin may be rejected. ');"><sup>21</sup></span>
כח מאי קמ"ל דמצי הדר ביה תנינא אמר לו נאמן עלי אבא נאמן עלי אביך נאמנין עלי ג' רועי בקר ר"מ אומר יכול לחזור בו וחכ"א אינו יכול לחזור בו
28 — Say [thus]: It doesnot rest with him to reject a judge whom the public has accepted as a Mumheh.It has been taught likewise: Onemay<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' But not a competent body, in which case R. Meir may agree with the Rabbis. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> go on rejecting judges untilhe undertakes [that the action shall be tried] before a <i>Beth din</i> ofMumhin:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This translation follows an emended text. V. marginal gloss in curr. edd. ');"><sup>23</sup></span> this is the view of R.Meir.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Hence it is evident that even R. Meir agrees that Mumhin cannot be rejected. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> But witnesses [when not disqualified] are asMumhin;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' All are expert to attest what they have witnessed. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> yet R. Meir said: EACH PARTYMAY REJECT THE WITNESSES PRODUCED BY THE OTHER! — Surely it has been statedregarding this: Resh Lakish said: Imagine a holy mouth [sc. R. Meir] utteringsuch a thing!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Surely it is absurd to suggest that a litigant having produced witnesses in his favour, his opponent can simply reject them. ');"><sup>26</sup></span> Read [therefore] 'THEWITNESS', [singular].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., each can reject only a single witness produced by the other: a single witness, of course, is not on a par with an expert Beth din. ');"><sup>27</sup></span> But for whatpurpose is a single witness [competent]? Shall we say, for the actual paymentof money?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the debtor is to be ordered to pay on his evidence. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> then his testimony isBiblically invalid! If for [the administration of] an oath, then his evidenceis [legally] as trustworthy as that oftwo!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If the plaintiff has one witness in his support, his testimony is so far admissible as to subject the defendant to an oath; and the defendant cannot reject his testimony, just as he could not reject the testimony of two witnesses. ');"><sup>29</sup></span> — In fact, he refers to thepayment of money, but it [sc. R. Meir's ruling] arises only where both partieshave voluntarily accepted his testimony as equivalent to that of two witnesses.Then what does he thereby teach: that he may retract? But we have alreadylearnt this once:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Viz., in the next Mishnah. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> If one says, Iaccept my father or thy father astrustworthy,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To act as judges in a dispute, though normally relations of the litigants were ineligible. That the reference is to judges follows from the fact that three herdsmen are mentioned. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> or I have confidencein three herdsmen,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In those days holding the lowest rank in society. ');"><sup>32</sup></span> R. Meir says,He may [subsequently] retract; but the Sages rule, He cannot.