Sanhedrin 79

Chapter 79

א מתני׳ <big><strong>היו</strong></big> בודקין אותן בשבע חקירות באיזו שבוע באיזו שנה באיזו חודש בכמה בחדש באיזה יום באיזה שעה באיזה מקום ר' יוסי אומר באיזה יום באיזה שעה באיזה מקום
1 <b><i>MISHNAH</i></b>. THEY [THE JUDGES] USED TO EXAMINE THEM<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The witnesses, in a capital charge, after admonition. Other versions read 'him', i.e., the witness, since the witnesses were separately examined. ');"><sup>1</sup></span> WITH SEVEN [HAKIROTH] SEARCHING QUERIES: IN WHAT SEPTENNATE?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of the Jubilee, was the murder committed? ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ב מכירין אתם אותו התרתם בו העובד ע"ז את מי עבד ובמה עבד
2 IN WHAT YEAR? IN WHAT MONTH? ON WHICH DAY OF THE MONTH? ON WHAT DAY?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of the week. This latter inquiry is necessary because witnesses who might come to refute their evidence, might not remember the date while knowing on what day of the week it took place. (Rashi). ');"><sup>3</sup></span> AT WHAT HOUR [OF THE DAY]? AND, AT WHAT PLACE? R. JOSE SAID: [THEY WERE ONLY ASKED:] ON WHICH DAY [OF THE WEEK]? AT WHAT HOUR? AND, AT WHAT PLACE? [THEY WERE FURTHER ASKED:] DID YE KNOW HIM?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Rashi, the murderer; Maim. and others: the accused: R. Hananel: the murderer and the accused. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ג כל המרבה בבדיקות הרי זה משובח מעשה ובדק בן זכאי בעוקצי תאנים
3 AND, DID YE WARN HIM?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That murder is forbidden on pain of death? These two questions, according to Maimonides (Yad 'Eduth, I, 4-5) belong to the specific category of [H] (inquiry) which is on the one hand treated like [H] (investigation) in that the evidence is invalid if one of the witnesses cannot answer them; and on the other like [H], (cross-examination) in this respect that the witnesses are not amenable to the law of retaliation in case of refutation. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> WHERE ONE COMMITS IDOLATRY, [THE WITNESSES ARE ALSO ASKED] WHAT<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., which idol? ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ד מה בין חקירות לבדיקות חקירות אחד אומר איני יודע עדותן בטילה בדיקות אחד אומר איני יודע ואפילו שנים אומרים אין אנו יודעין עדותן קיימת אחד חקירות ואחד בדיקות בזמן שמכחישין זה את זה עדותן בטילה
4 DID HE WORSHIP? AND, HOW<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'with what?' ');"><sup>7</sup></span> DID HE WORSHIP? THE MORE EXHAUSTIVE THE CROSS-EXAMINATION [BEDIKOTH] THE MORE PRAISEWORTHY THE JUDGE. IT ONCE HAPPENED THAT BEN ZAKKAI<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. infra 41a. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
ה אחד אומר בשנים בחדש ואחד אומר בשלשה בחדש עדותן קיימת שזה יודע בעיבורו של חדש וזה אינו יודע בעיבורו של חדש
5 CROSS-EXAMINED [THE WITNESSES] EVEN AS TO THE STALKS OF THE FIGS.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of the tree under which a murder was alleged to have been committed. ');"><sup>9</sup></span> WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HAKIROTH AND BEDIKOTH?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' HAKIROTH refers to the questions on date, hour and place: BEDIKOTH to cross examination on the accompanying circumstances. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
ו זה אומר בשלשה ואחד אומר בחמשה עדותן בטילה
6 — IN HAKIROTH, IF ONE [OF THE WITNESSES] ANSWERS: 'I DO NOT KNOW,' THEIR<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., that of both witnesses. ');"><sup>11</sup></span> EVIDENCE IS VOID. WITH RESPECT TO BEDIKOTH, HOWEVER, IF ONE ANSWERS: I DO NOT KNOW,' OR EVEN IF BOTH SAY: 'WE DO NOT KNOW, THEIR EVIDENCE IS VALID. BUT IF THEY [THE WITNESSES] CONTRADICT EACH OTHER, WHETHER IN THE HAKIROTH OR THE BEDIKOTH, THEIR EVIDENCE IS VOID.
ז אחד אומר בשתי שעות ואחד אומר בשלש שעות עדותן קיימת אחד אומר בשלש ואחד אומר בחמש עדותן בטילה
7 IF ONE [WITNESS] TESTIFIES, '[IT HAPPENED] ON THE SECOND OF THE MONTH,' AND THE OTHER, 'ON THE THIRD OF THE MONTH:' THEIR EVIDENCE IS VALID, FOR ONE MAY HAVE BEEN AWARE OF THE INTERCALATION OF THE MONTH AND THE OTHER MAY NOT HAVE BEEN AWARE OF IT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., one knew that the previous month had consisted of thirty days whilst the other thought that it had consisted only of twenty-nine days provided they agree as to the day of the week. Cf. Kesef Mishneh, on Yad'Eduth II, 4, and Tosaf. 41b s.v. [H]. ');"><sup>12</sup></span> IF, HOWEVER, ONE SAYS, 'ON THE THIRD,' AND THE OTHER, 'ON THE FIFTH, THEIR EVIDENCE IS INVALID. SIMILARLY, IF ONE TESTIFIES, 'DURING THE SECOND HOUR [OF THE DAY]'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The length of the day was counted from sunrise to sunset, and having regard to the variation of that period, an hour lasted anywhere between 49 and 71 minutes. ');"><sup>13</sup></span>
ח רבי יהודה אומר קיימת אחד אומר בחמש ואחד אומר בשבע עדותן בטילה שבחמש חמה במזרח ובשבע חמה במערב
8 AND THE OTHER 'DURING THE THIRD HOUR:' THEIR EVIDENCE IS VALID.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For people are liable to error in matters of the exact time in the hour. ');"><sup>14</sup></span> BUT IF ONE SAYS, AT THREE,' AND ANOTHER, 'AT FIVE,' THEIR EVIDENCE IS INVALID.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' An error in two hours is improbable. ');"><sup>15</sup></span>
ט ואח"כ מכניסין את השני ובודקין אותו אם נמצאו דבריהם מכוונים פותחין בזכות אמר אחד מן העדים יש לי ללמד עליו זכות או אחד מן התלמידים יש לי ללמד עליו חובה משתקין אותו אמר אחד מן התלמידים יש לי ללמד עליו זכות מעלין אותו ומושיבין אותו ביניהם ולא היה יורד משם כל היום כולו
9 R. JUDAH SAID: [EVEN THEN, THEIR EVIDENCE IS] VALID. BUT IF ONE SAYS, 'AT FIVE,' AND THE OTHER, 'AT SEVEN,' THEIR EVIDENCE IS INVALID, FOR AT FIVE THE SUN IS TO THE EAST, WHILE AT SEVEN, THE SUN IS TO THE WEST. AFTER THIS, THE SECOND [WITNESS] IS ADMITTED<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Mishnah supra pp. 175-6. ');"><sup>16</sup></span>
י אם יש ממש בדבריו שומעין לו ואפילו הוא אומר יש לי ללמד על עצמי זכות שומעין לו ובלבד שיש ממש בדבריו
10 AND [LIKEWISE] EXAMINED. IF THEIR EVIDENCE TALLIES, THEY [THE JUDGES] COMMENCE [THE PROCEEDINGS] IN FAVOUR [OF THE ACCUSED].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. supra 32b. ');"><sup>17</sup></span> SHOULD ONE OF THE WITNESSES DECLARE, 'I HAVE SOMETHING TO SAY IN HIS FAVOUR'; OR ONE OF THE DISCIPLES, 'I HAVE AN ARGUMENT IN HIS DISFAVOUR', HE IS SILENCED.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. supra 34a. Witnesses after having given their testimony, are not allowed to make any further statements, even for acquittal, as they might do so with a view to avoiding any possible charge of collusion arising out of their first evidence. ');"><sup>18</sup></span>
יא ואם מצאו לו זכות פטרוהו ואם לאו מעבירין אותו למחר ומזדווגין זוגות זוגות היו ממעטין ממאכל ולא היו שותין יין כל היום ונושאין ונותנין כל הלילה ולמחרת משכימין ובאין לב"ד
11 BUT IF A DISCIPLE SAYS, 'I HAVE SOMETHING TO PLEAD IN HIS FAVOUR', HE IS BROUGHT UP AND SEATED WITH THEM,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The judges. It follows that the judges sat on raised seats faced by the disciples. V. supra p. 230, n. 10. ');"><sup>19</sup></span> AND DOES NOT DESCEND FROM THERE ALL THAT DAY. IF THERE IS SUBSTANCE IN HIS STATEMENT HE IS HEARD. AND EVEN IF HE [THE ACCUSED] HIMSELF SAYS,' I AM IN A POSITION TO PLEAD IN MY OWN DEFENCE, HE IS HEARD, PROVIDED THERE IS SUBSTANCE IN HIS STATEMENT.
יב המזכה אומר אני מזכה ומזכה אני במקומי והמחייב אומר אני מחייב ומחייב אני במקומי המלמד חובה מלמד זכות אבל המלמד זכות אינו יכול לחזור וללמד חובה טעו בדבר שני סופרי הדיינין מזכירין אותו אם מצאו לו זכות פטרוהו ואם לאו עומדים למנין שנים עשר מזכין ואחד עשר מחייבין זכאי
12 IF THEY FIND HIM NOT GUILTY, HE IS DISCHARGED, IF NOT, IT [THE TRIAL] IS ADJOURNED TILL THE FOLLOWING DAY,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. supra 32a, and note. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> WHILST THEY [THE JUDGES] GO ABOUT IN PAIRS,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' During the adjournment, to discuss the matter. ');"><sup>21</sup></span>
יג שנים עשר מחייבין ואחד עשר מזכין ואפילו אחד עשר מזכין ואחד עשר מחייבין ואחד אומר איני יודע ואפילו עשרים ושנים מזכין או מחייבין ואחד אומר איני יודע יוסיפו הדיינין וכמה מוסיפין שנים שנים עד שבעים ואחד
13 PRACTISE MODERATION IN FOOD, DRINK NO WINE THE WHOLE DAY,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Another precautionary measure in capital cases ');"><sup>22</sup></span> AND DISCUSS<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [V. Yad Ramah.] ');"><sup>23</sup></span>
יד שלשים וששה מזכין ושלשים וחמשה מחייבין זכאי שלשים וששה מחייבין ושלשים וחמשה מזכין דנין אלו כנגד אלו עד שיראה אחד מן המחייבין דברי המזכין:
14 THE CASE THROUGHOUT THE NIGHT. EARLY NEXT MORNING THEY REASSEMBLE IN COURT. HE WHO IS IN FAVOUR OF ACQUITTAL STATES, 'I DECLARED HIM INNOCENT AND STAND BY MY OPINION.' WHILE HE WHO IS IN FAVOUR OF CONDEMNATION SHALL SAY: 'I DECLARE HIM GUILTY AND STAND BY MY OPINION.' ONE WHO [PREVIOUSLY] ARGUED FOR CONVICTION MAY NOW ARGUE FOR ACQUITTAL, BUT NOT VICE VERSA. IF THEY HAVE MADE ANY MISTAKE, THE TWO JUDGES' CLERKS<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. supra 36b. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> ARE TO REMIND THEM THEREOF.
טו <big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> מנא הני מילי אמר רב יהודה דאמר קרא (דברים יג, טו) ודרשת וחקרת ושאלת היטב ואומר (דברים יז, ד) והוגד לך ושמעת ודרשת היטב ואומר (דברים יט, יח) ודרשו השופטים היטב
15 IF THEY FIND HIM NOT GUILTY, THEY DISCHARGE HIM. IF NOT, THEY TAKE A VOTE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'they stand to vote.' ');"><sup>25</sup></span> IF TWELVE ACQUIT AND ELEVEN CONDEMN, HE IS ACQUITTED. IF TWELVE CONDEMN AND ELEVEN ACQUIT, OR IF ELEVEN CONDEMN AND ELEVEN ACQUIT AND ONE SAYS, 'I DO NOT KNOW,'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that there is no majority of two for conviction. cf. supra 2a. ');"><sup>26</sup></span> OR EVEN IF TWENTY-TWO ACQUIT OR CONDEMN AND A SINGLE ONE SAYS, 'I DO NOT KNOW,'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The member who is doubtful is regarded as non-existent (cf. supra 17a), whilst capital cases may not be tried by less than twenty-three. ');"><sup>27</sup></span> THEY ADD TO THE JUDGES. UP TO WHAT NUMBER IS THE COURT INCREASED? — BY TWOS UP TO THE LIMIT OF SEVENTY-ONE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If there is a division of opinion amongst the newly co-opted members. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> IF THIRTY-SIX ACQUIT AND THIRTY-FIVE CONDEMN,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When the court has been increased to the extreme limit. ');"><sup>29</sup></span> HE IS ACQUITTED. BUT IF THIRTY-SIX CONDEMN AND THIRTY-FIVE ACQUIT, THE TWO SIDES DEBATE THE CASE TOGETHER UNTIL ONE OF THOSE WHO CONDEMN AGREES WITH THE VIEW OF THOSE WHO ARE FOR ACQUITTAL. <b><i>GEMARA</i></b>. 'Whence is this<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The seven questions of time and place. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> inferred? — Rab Judah said: Scripture states, Then shalt thou inquire and make search and ask diligently;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XIII, 15. In reference to a condemned city. The three expressions for investigation indicate three questions. It should be observed, however, that the Talmud does not regard the word 'ask' by itself as teaching that a formal question must be put to the witnesses but that here it is coupled with 'diligently'. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> and it says, And [if] it be told thee and thou hear it, then shalt thou inquire diligently;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XVII, 4, in connection with the trial of an idolater. The words thou shalt inquire denote one question, and the emphasis, diligently, a second. ');"><sup>32</sup></span> again it says, And the judges shall inquire diligently.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XIX, 18, with reference to witnesses proved Zomemim (v. Glos). Here also two questions are implied. Hence seven questions in all are necessary. ');"><sup>33</sup></span>