Sanhedrin 88

Chapter 88

א א"ל אמש ביטלתם תמיד של בין הערביים ועכשיו ביטלתם תלמוד תורה על איזה מהן באת א"ל עתה באתי
1 He [this stranger] said to him: 'Yesterday evening, ye omitted the eveningTamid,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The daily burnt offerings, one of which was sacrificed every morning, and one towards evening. Cf. Num. XXVIII, 3. ');"><sup>1</sup></span> andto-day<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'now'. ');"><sup>2</sup></span> ye have neglected the studyof the Torah.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The conversation took place during the night when fighting was at a standstill and they should have been studying the land. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ב מיד (יהושע ח, ט) וילן יהושע בלילה ההוא בתוך העמק ואמר רבי יוחנן מלמד שלן בעומקה של הלכה
2 'For which of these [offences] hast thou come?' 'I have nowcome,'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., I have come to you for the present offence. ');"><sup>4</sup></span> he replied. Straightway [we read], And Joshua lodged that night inthe midst of the vale'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The ordinary text reads: among the people instead of: in the midst of the vale. Again, verse 13 of the same chapter in which we do find, in the midst of the vale, begins with, And Joshua went, instead of, And Joshua lodged. It is probable that the Rabbis combined the two verses for the purpose of their exegesis, which is not unusual with them. Cf. Tosaf. Meg. 3a. s.v. [H]; Shabb. 128a s.v. [H]. In a parallel passage in 'Er. 63b, the verse quoted conforms to the Biblical text: And Joshua went, and the text further reads: He went into the depths of the study of the law. BaH mentions another version which reads as follows: And Joshua lodged that night amongst the people; further it is written, into the midst of the vale, — this teaches that he went and spent that night in the depths of the study of the law. V.D.S. a.l. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> Whereon R.Johanan observed: It teaches that he spent the night in theprofundities<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] means 'valley', as well as 'deep' or 'depth'. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ג אמר שמואל בר אוניא משמיה דרב גדול תלמוד תורה יותר מהקרבת תמידין שנאמר (יהושע ה, יד) עתה באתי
3 of the law. R. Samuel b. Unia said in the name of Rab: The study of the Torah is moreimportant than the offering of the Tamid, since it is written, I have nowcome.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., to reprimand you, not on account of the Tamid, but for the present offence, neglecting the study of the law. ');"><sup>7</sup></span> Abaye asked R. Dimi:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Dimi often carried Palestine exegesis to the Babylonian schools. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
ד אמר ליה אביי לרב דימי האי קרא במערבא במאי מוקמיתו ליה (משלי כה, ח) אל תצא לריב מהר פן מה תעשה באחריתה בהכלים אותך רעך ריבך ריב את רעך וסוד אחר אל תגל
4 To what do yein 'the West' relate the following verse: Go not forth hastily to strife,for what wilt thou do in the end thereof when thy neighbour hath put theeto shame. Debate thy cause with thy neighbour, but reveal not the secretsof another?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Prov. XXV, 8-9. ');"><sup>9</sup></span> — [He answered]: Whenthe Holy One, blessed be He, said to Ezekiel, Go and say unto Israel, AnAmorite was thy father, and thy mother was aHittite,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ezek. XVI, 3. ');"><sup>10</sup></span> theintercessory<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] lit., 'an arguing spirit, — an additional name of the Angel Gabriel, who always interceded on behalf of Israel. V. however p. 99, n. 6. ');"><sup>11</sup></span>
ה בשעה שאמר לו הקב"ה ליחזקאל (יחזקאל טז, ג) לך אמור להם לישראל אביך האמורי ואמך חתית אמרה רוח פסקונית לפני הקב"ה רבש"ע אם יבואו אברהם ושרה ויעמדו לפניך אתה אומר להם ומכלים אותם ריבך ריב את רעך וסוד אחר אל תגל
5 spirit said beforethe Holy One, blessed be He, 'Sovereign of the Universe! if Abraham and Sarahcame and stood before Thee, wouldst Thou say [this] to them and put themto shame?' Debate thy cause with thyneighbour,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., reproach him alone. ');"><sup>12</sup></span> but reveal not the secretof another!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Do not take up anothers' shame. ');"><sup>13</sup></span> But has he so muchlicense?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To reproach God so freely! ');"><sup>14</sup></span>
ו ומי אית ליה רשותא כולי האי אין דא"ר יוסי ברבי חנינא שלש שמות יש לו פיסקון איטמון סיגרון פיסקון שפוסק דברים כלפי מעלה איטמון שאוטם עונותיהן של ישראל סיגרון כיון שסוגר שוב אינו פותח
6 — Yes, For R. Jose sonof R. Hanina said: He has three names: Pisakon, Itamon, andSigaron.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] from [H] 'to split;' [H] from [H] 'to lock'; and [H] from [H] 'to close'. So at least according to the Talmudic interpretation which follows. ');"><sup>15</sup></span> Pisakon, because he arguesagainst the Most High;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'he splits words upwards. ');"><sup>16</sup></span> Itamon, becausehe hides the sins of Israel, Sigaron, because when heconcludes<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., when his words are of no effect. ');"><sup>17</sup></span>
ז (איוב לו, יט) היערוך שועך לא בצר א"ר אלעזר לעולם יקדים אדם תפלה לצרה שאילמלא (לא) הקדים אברהם תפלה לצרה בין בית אל ובין העי לא נשתייר מרשעי ישראל שריד ופליט ריש לקיש אמר כל המאמץ עצמו בתפלה מלמטה אין לו צרים מלמעלה ר' יוחנן אמר לעולם יבקש אדם רחמים שיהו הכל מאמצין את כחו ואל יהו לו צרים מלמעלה:
7 a matter, none can reopenit.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' No others can successfully intercede. Kohut suggests that they are of Arabic origin. Pisakon denoting shame; Itamon, sin, and Sigaron, pain, an angel being in charge of each of these three things. Hence in his opinion, [H] does not denote Gabriel but the Spirit of Shame. V. 'Aruch Completum, vol. I, p. 63. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> Hadst thou prepared thy prayerbefore thy trouble came?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] Job XXXVI, 19 (E.V.: Will thy riches avail that are without stint.) [H] means 'to prepare', as well as 'to estimate;' [H] means 'prayer,' or 'wealth'. ');"><sup>19</sup></span> R. Eleazarsaid: One should always offer up prayer before misfortune comes; for hadnot Abraham anticipated trouble by prayer between Beth-el andAi,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. Gen. XII, 8: He pitched his tent, having Beth-el on his west, and Ai on the east, and he builded an altar to the Lord and called upon the name of the Lord. ');"><sup>20</sup></span>
ח מנין שכיפר לו וידויו וכו': תנו רבנן מנין שכיפר לו וידויו שנאמר (יהושע ז, ב) ויאמר לו יהושע מה עכרתנו יעכרך ה' היום הזה היום הזה אתה עכור ואי אתה עכור לעולם הבא וכתיב (דברי הימים א ב, ו) ובני זרח זמרי ואיתן והימן וכלכל ודרדע כולם חמשה מאי כולם חמשה כולן חמשה הן לעוה"ב
8 there would not have remainedof Israel's sinners a remnant or asurvivor.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' At the Battle of Ai in the days of Joshua. ');"><sup>21</sup></span> Resh Lakish said: He whodevotes his strength to prayer<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'who strengthens himself in prayer.' ');"><sup>22</sup></span> below,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., on earth. ');"><sup>23</sup></span>
ט כתיב זמרי וכתיב עכן רב ושמואל חד אמר עכן שמו ולמה נקרא שמו זמרי שעשה מעשה זמרי וחד אמר זמרי שמו ולמה נקרא שמו עכן שעיכן עונותיהן של ישראל:
9 has no enemies [to overcome]above.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Translating: 'Hadst thou put forth thy prayer (with strength), thou wouldst have had no adversary (above)'. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> R. Johanan said: One shouldever implore mercy that all [sc. Heavenly beings] may support his effort[in prayer] so that he may have no enemies onhigh.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Translating somewhat similarly: 'When thou canst prepare thy prayer, see that thou hast no enemies (on high, to urge its rejection)'. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> AND WHENCE DO WE KNOW THAT HIS CONFESSIONS MADE ATONEMENT FOR HIM etc. OurRabbis taught: Whence do we know that his confessions made atonement forhim? — From the verse, And Joshua said unto him, Why hast thou troubledus, the Lord shall trouble thee this day: [implying] this day art thou troubled,but thou shalt not be troubled in the next world. And again it is written,And the sons of Zerah: Zimri,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' According to the Rabbis, he is identical with Achan. Although the latter was a great grandson of Zerah, he is called the son of Zerah in Josh. VII, 24. The four other sons are referred to in I Kings (V. 11) as great men, and the fact that Achan (Zimri) is associated with them is taken as an indication that his confession helped him to enter the world to come in common with the others. ');"><sup>26</sup></span>
י אם אינו יודע להתוודות כו' רבי יהודה אומר כו' לנקות עצמן: וינקו עצמן כדי שלא להוציא לעז על בתי דינין ועל העדים
10 andEthan and Heman and Calcol andDarda,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Dara, in I Chron II, 6. ');"><sup>27</sup></span> five of them inall.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I Chron. II, 6. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> Why the phrase: five of themin all?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Surely the number is obvious and needs no special mention! Therefore it has some other meaning. ');"><sup>29</sup></span>
יא ת"ר מעשה באדם אחד שיצא ליהרג אמר אם יש בי עון זה לא תהא מיתתי כפרה לכל עונותי ואם אין בי עון זה תהא מיתתי כפרה לכל עונותי וב"ד וכל ישראל מנוקין והעדים לא תהא להם מחילה לעולם וכששמעו חכמים בדבר אמרו להחזירו אי אפשר שכבר נגזרה גזירה אלא יהרג ויהא קולר תלוי בצואר עדים
11 — Because all five wereequally destined for the world to come. Here he is called Zimri, but elsewhere,Achan.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. Josh. VII, 24. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> Rab and Samuel [differ thereon]:One maintains his real name was Achan; and why was he called Zimri? — Becausehe acted like Zimri.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., he was licentious. Cf. Num. XXV, 14, and supra 44a. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> The othermaintains, His real name was Zimri; and why was he called Achan? — Becausehe wound the sins of Israel about them like aserpent.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. Gr. [G]. ');"><sup>32</sup></span>
יב פשיטא כל כמיניה לא צריכא דקא הדרי בהו סהדי
12 AND IF HE KNOWS NOT WHAT TO CONFESS&nbsp;… R. JUDAH SAID&nbsp;… TO CLEAR HIMSELF.Why not let them clear themselves? — In order that they may not bring discreditupon the Court and the witnesses. Our Rabbis taught: It happened once that a man who was being taken to beexecuted said: 'If I am guilty of this sin, may my death not atone for anyof my sins; but if I am innocent thereof, may my death expiate all my sins.The court and all Israel are guiltless, but may the witnesses never be forgiven.'Now, when the Sages heard of the matter they said: It is impossible to reversethe decision, since the sentence has been promulgated. He must thereforebe executed, and may the chain [of responsibility] ever hang on the neckof the witnesses. But is he to be reliedon?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., is his statement so trustworthy that responsibility may be thrust upon the witnesses? — Such would seem to have been the text before Rashi, v. D.S. a.l. Our reading is: But that is obvious, (for) is he then the sole authority! I.e., why state that the Rabbis did not reverse the sentence! Is he then to have his own way entirely so that we should disbelieve the witnesses. ');"><sup>33</sup></span> — This holds good only wherethe witnesses have retracted.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' After the sentence had been promulgated. ');"><sup>34</sup></span>
יג וכי הדרי בהו מאי הוי כיון שהגיד שוב אינו חוזר ומגיד לא צריכא דאע"ג דקא יהבי טעמא למילתייהו (כי ההוא מעשה דבעיא מיכסא):
13 Buteven so, of what consequence is it? Once a witness testified — he cannottestify again!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Witnesses are not permitted to retract their first statement and make another, since they may have been prompted thereto out of pity for the accused. ');"><sup>35</sup></span> It is necessary [tostate this] even where they [the witnesses] give a reason for theiraction,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In withdrawing their previous statement. E.g., when they say that they have previously testified against him out of hatred. In this case, though the execution is carried out, the witnesses bear responsibility. ');"><sup>36</sup></span> as happened in the caseof Ba'ya<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' According to Kohut 'Aruch Completum, vol II, p. 140, Ba'ya is derived from the Arabic, meaning an informer. In the case in question he had denounced the tax defaulters in the Government, an act which, of course, aroused the enmity of the people. According in Rashi, the subject matter of the text is connected with this name as follows: The funeral of the said collector coincided with that of a very pious man, but accidentally the coffins were exchanged, so that the honour intended for the Rabbi was paid to the other, and vice versa. An explanation of the happening was given by the Rabbi in a dream to one of his pupils who was disturbed at the occurrence, and he also informed him that severe punishment was in store for Simeon b. Shetah in the world to come for the neglect of his duty in tolerating eighty women in Ashkelon guilty of sorcery. Simeon, on being informed about it, took a serious view of the matter and had them executed. The relatives of these women, however, inflamed with a passion for revenge, plotted against his son, charging him with a capital crime, as a result of which he was sentenced to death. On his way to the place of execution the condemned man protested his innocence so vehemently that even the witnesses were moved to admit the falsity of their evidence, giving as ground for their former act their feelings of enmity against Simeon b. Shetah. Yet their latter statement was not accepted, according to the law expounded in the text, that a witness is not to be believed when be withdraws a former statement. The source for Rashi's story is found in J. Sanh. VI, 3; 6, and in J. Hag. II, 2, with slight variations. ');"><sup>37</sup></span>
יד <big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> היה רחוק מבית הסקילה ארבע אמות מפשיטין אותו את בגדיו האיש מכסין אותו מלפניו והאשה מלפניה ומאחריה דברי רבי יהודה וחכ"א האיש נסקל ערום ואין האשה נסקלת ערומה:
14 the tax-collector.&nbsp;&nbsp; <font> <b><i>MISHNAH</i></b>.WHEN HE IS ABOUT FOUR CUBITS DISTANT FROM THE PLACE OF STONING, HE IS STRIPPEDOF HIS GARMENTS.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In order to hasten his death and lessen the pain (Maim.). The Talmud, however, bases it on Scripture. ');"><sup>38</sup></span></font> A MAN IS COVEREDIN FRONT AND A WOMAN BOTH IN FRONT AND BEHIND: THIS IS R. JUDAH'S VIEW. BUTTHE SAGES SAY: A MAN IS TO BE STONED NAKED BUT A WOMAN IS NOT TO BE STONEDNAKED.</font>