Sanhedrin 94

Chapter 94

א הרוגי מלכות להרוגי בית דין הרוגי מלכות כיון דשלא בדין קא מיקטלי הויא להו כפרה הרוגי בית דין כיון דבדין קא מיקטלי לא הוי להו כפרה
1 R. Adda b. Ahabah objected: THEY OBSERVED NO MOURNING RITES, BUT GRIEVEDFOR HIM FOR GRIEF IS BORNE ONLY IN THE HEART. But should you think that havingbeen [shamefully] buried, he attains forgiveness, they should observe mourningrites! — The decay of the flesh too isnecessary.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For forgiveness. ');"><sup>4</sup></span> This also follows fromwhat he [the Tanna] teaches: WHEN THE FLESH WAS COMPLETELY DECOMPOSED, THEBONES WERE GATHERED AND BURIED IN THEIR PROPERPLACE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Proving that only then is the crime fully expiated ');"><sup>5</sup></span>
ב תדע דתנן לא היו קוברין אותו בקברות אבותיו ואי סלקא דעתך כיון דאיקטול הויא להו כפרה ליקברו מיתה וקבורה בעינן
2 This proves it. R. Ashi said: When do the mourning rites commence? From the closing of thegrave with the grave stone.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment','[H] from [H] 'to roll,' so called because it can be rolled away. This is not to be confused with the modern tombstone, but was a stone placed on top of the grave immediately it was filled in. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ג מותיב רב אדא בר אהבה לא היו מתאבלין אלא אוננין שאין אנינות אלא בלב ואי סלקא דעתך כיון דאיקבור הויא להו כפרה ליאבלו
3 When isatonement effected? After the bodies have experienced a little of the painsof the grave.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The process of decay in the earth was believed to be painful to the body. Cf. Ber. 18b, 'The worm is as painful to the flesh of the dead, as the needle to the flesh of the living. ');"><sup>7</sup></span> Therefore, since they[the mourning rites] have once beensuspended,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the interval between the covering of the grave and the experiencing of pains in the grave. Since forgiveness had not yet been obtained, the dead are yet accounted wicked, and therefore no mourning rites are necessary. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
ד בעינן נמי עיכול בשר דיקא נמי דקתני נתעכל הבשר מלקטין את העצמות וקוברין אותן במקומן שמע מינה
4 they remain so. If so,why must the flesh be consumed?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Before they can bury him in the family vault. ');"><sup>9</sup></span> —Because it is impossible[otherwise].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., owing to the decomposition of the body, it is impossible to remove the remains before the flesh is completely destroyed. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
ה רב אשי אמר אבילות מאימתי קא מתחלת מסתימת הגולל כפרה מאימתי קא הויא מכי חזו צערא דקברא פורתא הלכך הואיל ואידחו ידחו
5 It was the practice of people to take earth from Rab's grave and apply it[as a remedy] on the first day of an attack of fever. When Samuel was toldof it,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus calling his attention to their use of an object belonging to the dead, which is forbidden. Cf. A.Z. 29b. ');"><sup>11</sup></span> he said: They do well; itis natural<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'world'. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
ו אי הכי למה לי עיכול בשר משום דלא אפשר
6 soil, and natural soildoes not become forbidden, for it is written, And he cast the dustthereof<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of the Ashera. ');"><sup>13</sup></span> upon the graves of the commonpeople:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Kings XXIII, 6. ');"><sup>14</sup></span>
ז קבריה דרב הוו שקלי מיניה עפרא לאישתא בת יומא אתו אמרו ליה לשמואל אמר להו יאות עבדין קרקע עולם הוא וקרקע עולם אינה נאסרת דכתיב (מלכים ב כג, ו) וישלך את עפרה על קבר בני העם מקיש קבר בני העם לעבודת כוכבים
7 thus he compares the gravesof the common people to idols. Just as [the use of] idols is not forbiddenwhen they are 'attached,'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The technical term for soil, mountains, etc., and things growing therein. ');"><sup>15</sup></span> for it is written, [Ye shall utterly destroyall the places, wherein the nations] that ye are to dispossess served theirgods, upon the high mountains,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XII, 2. ');"><sup>16</sup></span>
ח מה עבודת כוכבים במחובר לא מיתסרא דכתיב (דברים יב, ב) אשר אתם יורשים אותם את אלהיהם על ההרים הרמים על ההרים אלהיהם ולא ההרים אלהיהם הכא נמי במחובר לא מיתסר
8 theirgods which are upon the high mountains [are forbidden for use], but not themountains which themselves are theirgods;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., only detached idols are forbidden for use, but if natural earth (which includes mountains) is worshipped, it is not thereby forbidden for use. ');"><sup>17</sup></span> so here too, what is 'attached'[i.e., what belongs to the dead] is not forbidden.
ט מיתיבי החוצב קבר לאביו והלך וקברו במקום אחר הרי זה לא יקבר בו עולמית הכא במאי עסקינן בקבר בנין
9 An objection is raised: 'If one hews a grave for his [dead] father and thengoes and buries him elsewhere, he himself may never he buriedtherein'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because having been prepared for a particular corpse, it may not be used for anyone else. Now, it is assumed that this holds good even if it was dug for any corpse, 'father' being mentioned merely because that is the usual thing. Thus we see that even natural soil is under the same prohibition. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> — The reference hereis to a built grave.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [A grave erected within the excavation (Yad Ramah).] Such a grave is not regarded as part of the soil, and, had it been prepared for any other person, would not have been forbidden. The prohibition here, however, is on account of filial respect. ');"><sup>19</sup></span>
י תא שמע קבר חדש מותר בהנאה הטיל בו נפל אסור בהנאה הכא נמי בקבר בנין
10 Come and hear!'A fresh grave<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' One just dug and not yet assigned to any dead body. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> may be used. Butif an abortion had been laid therein, it is forbidden foruse'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The argument is that even natural soil must be forbidden. ');"><sup>21</sup></span>
יא תא שמע נמצא אתה אומר שלש קברות הן קבר הנמצא קבר הידוע קבר המזיק את הרבים קבר הנמצא מותר לפנותו פינהו מקומו טהור ומותר בהנאה
11 — Here too, the referenceis to a built grave. Come and hear! 'Thus we see<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'it is found that thou sayest. ');"><sup>22</sup></span>
יב קבר הידוע אסור לפנותו פינהו מקומו טמא ואסור בהנאה
12 thatthere are three kinds ofgraves:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., which are separate and distinct in the laws pertaining to them. ');"><sup>23</sup></span> A grave that has beenfound;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' One in which a dead body had been buried by stealth, and without the consent of the owner of the ground, i.e., it has only now been found to be a grave. ');"><sup>24</sup></span>
יג קבר המזיק את הרבים מותר לפנותו פינהו מקומו טהור ואסור בהנאה הכא נמי בקבר בנין
13 a knowngrave;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In which a body was buried with the consent of the owner. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> and one which injures thepublic.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' E.g., which lies in a thoroughfare. ');"><sup>26</sup></span>
יד וקבר הנמצא מותר לפנותו דילמא מת מצוה הוא ומת מצוה קנה מקומו שאני מת מצוה דקלא אית ליה
14 A grave that has been foundmay be cleared;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the bones may be transferred elsewhere. ');"><sup>27</sup></span> when cleared, theplace thereof is [levitically] clean and permitted foruse.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since the burial took place without the knowledge of the owner of the ground, the dead man does not 'take possession of the place' (v. infra for the meaning of that phrase). ');"><sup>28</sup></span>
טו איתמר האורג בגד למת אביי אמר אסור ורבא אמר מותר
15 A known grave may not be cleared;if it has been, the spot is unclean and forbidden foruse.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is a precautionary measure against the unwarranted transference of bones. ');"><sup>29</sup></span> A grave which injures the publicmay be cleared; if it has been, the place thereof is clean but may not beused'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This proves that natural soil can also be prohibited. ');"><sup>30</sup></span>
טז אביי אמר אסור הזמנה מילתא היא ורבא אמר מותר הזמנה לאו מילתא היא
16 — Here too, the referenceis to a built grave. But may a grave that was found be evacuated? Perhapsa meth-mizwah was buried therein; and a meth-mezwah takes possession of hisplace of burial!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., it becomes his, whether it had a right to the soil in the first place or not. This is one of the ten enactments of Joshua on entering the land. Cf B.K. 81a. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> A meth-mizwah isquite different, since its existence is generallyknown.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'he has a voice'. I.e., the discovery of such was broadcast, and his burial was not really a secret unknown to the owner. ');"><sup>32</sup></span>
יז מאי טעמא דאביי גמר (במדבר כ, א) שם (דברים כא, ד) שם מעגלה ערופה מה עגלה ערופה בהזמנה מיתסרא האי נמי בהזמנה מיתסרא
17 It has been stated: If one wove a shroud for a dead person: Abaye rules,it is forbidden;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To be used for any other purpose. ');"><sup>33</sup></span> Raba says, It ispermitted. 'Abaye rules, It is forbidden;' [he holds,] designation is a materialact.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., mere designation for the dead subjects it to the same law as though it has been employed for the purpose. ');"><sup>34</sup></span>
יח ורבא גמר (דברים יב, ב) שם שם מעבודת כוכבים מה עבודת כוכבים בהזמנה לא מיתסרא אף הכא נמי בהזמנה לא מיתסרא
18 'Raba says, It is permitted;'designation is not a material act. What is Abaye's reason? — He deduces[identity of law] from the use of 'sham' [there] both here [with referenceto the dead] and in connection with the broken-neckedheifer.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In connection with the dead: And Miriam died there and was buried there ([H]) (Num. XX, 1); with reference to the heifer, And shall break the heifer's neck there (Deut. XXI, 4). ');"><sup>35</sup></span> Just as the broken-neckedheifer becomes forbidden throughdesignation,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Even the mere bringing it down to the valley renders it forbidden for any other purpose (Rashi: cf. Kid. 57a) ');"><sup>36</sup></span>
יט ורבא מאי טעמא לא גמר מעגלה ערופה אמר לך
19 so thistoo<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sc. a shroud woven for the dead. ');"><sup>37</sup></span> becomes prohibited throughdesignation. But Raba makes his deduction from the use of sham both hereand in connection withidol-worship.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ye shall surely destroy all the places there ([H]) where the nations which ye are to dispossess serve their gods. (Deut. XII, 2). ');"><sup>38</sup></span> Just as in idol-worshipmere designation imposes noprohibition,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., if one dedicates an object for idol-worship, it does not become forbidden, unless actually used so, because 'The laws of dedication do not operate in connection with idol worship.' A.Z. 44b. ');"><sup>39</sup></span> so here too, it doesnot become forbidden through designation. But why does Raba not make hisdeduction from the broken-necked heifer? — He answers you: