Sanhedrin 97

Chapter 97

א תהא לוטא ולא תהא לאטה
1 Let thyself be cursed rather than curse[another].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For, as in this case, the curses always recoil on oneself or on one's descendants. ');"><sup>1</sup></span> Then Joab was brought before theCourt,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is a continuation of the narrative commenced on 48b, which was interrupted to shew that all David's curses were fulfilled upon his descendants. ');"><sup>2</sup></span> and he [Solomon] judged andquestioned him, 'Why didst thou kill Abner?'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. II Sam. III, 27. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ב אתיוה ליואב דייניה אמר ליה מאי טעמא קטלתיה לאבנר אמר ליה גואל הדם דעשאל הואי עשאל רודף הוה אמר ליה היה לו להצילו באחד מאבריו
2 He answered, 'I wasAsahel's<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Joab's brother, who pursued Abner when he fled for his life, after having been defeated by Joab at Gibeon whilst fighting for Ishbosheth, Saul's surviving son, v. II Sam. II, 23. ');"><sup>4</sup></span> avenger of blood.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. Num. XXXV, 19. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> 'ButAsahel was a pursuer!'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., Abner, seeing his life in danger, killed him in self-defence. Cf. II Sam. II, 8-32. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ג אמר ליה לא יכיל ליה א"ל השתא בדופן חמישית כיון ליה דכתיב (שמואל ב ב, כג) ויכהו אבנר באחרי החנית אל החומש וא"ר יוחנן בדופן חמישית במקום שמרה וכבד תלויין בו באחד מאיבריו לא יכיל ליה
3 'Even so,' answered he; 'but he [Abner] should havesaved himself at the cost of one of his [Asahel's] limbs.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And so incapacitate him, instead of inflicting a mortal wound. V. infra 74a: If one can injure his adversary in self-defence, but kills him instead, he is guilty of murder. ');"><sup>7</sup></span> 'Yet perhapshe could not do so, remonstrated [Solomon]. 'If he could aim exactly at thefifth rib,' he retorted, ('even as it is written, Abner with the hinder endof the spear smote him at thewaist;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Sam. II, 23 [H] 'loins', 'waist', means also 'fifth'. Hence R. Johanan's interpretation. ');"><sup>8</sup></span> concerning which R. Johanansaid: It was at the fifth rib, where the gall-bladder and liver are suspended.)— could he not have aimed at one of his limbs?' Thereupon [Solomon] said:'Let us drop [the incident of] Abner; why didst thou kill Amasa?'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Son of Abigail, King David's sister, who commanded the rebel army of Absalom. Subsequently he was pardoned by David and given the command of the army when the rebellion of Shebah broke out (II Sam. XX). On that account Joab saw a dangerous rival in him. II Sam. XVII, 25; XIX, 14. ');"><sup>9</sup></span>
ד אמר ליה ניזיל אבנר מאי טעמא קטלתיה לעמשא אמר ליה עמשא מורד במלכות הוה דכתיב (שמואל ב כ, ד) ויאמר המלך לעמשא הזעק לי את איש יהודה שלשת ימים וגו' וילך עמשא להזעיק את יהודה ויוחר וגו'
4 He answered:'Amasa disobeyed the royalorder,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'he rebelled against the throne.' This was punishable by death. ');"><sup>10</sup></span> for it is written, Then saidthe King to Amasa, Call me the men of Judah together within three days etc.So Amasa went to call the men of Judah together; but he tarried etc.' 'But,'said he [Solomon], 'Amasa interpreted [the particles] 'Ak and Rak.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H], 'but'; [H], 'only', both denoting limitation. ');"><sup>11</sup></span> [Thus:]he found them<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The men of Judah. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
ה אמר ליה עמשא אכין ורקין דרש
5 just as they had begun[the study of] a tractate; whereupon he said: It is written, Whosoever hebe that shall rebel against thy [the King's] commandments and shall not hearkenunto thy words in all that thou commandest him, he shall be put todeath.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Josh. I, 18. ');"><sup>13</sup></span> Now, one might have thoughtthat this holds good even [when the transgression is committed] for the sakeof the study of the law: it is therefore written, only [Rak] be strong andof good courage.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Rak intimating a limitation. Hence the duty to fulfil the King's command does not apply where one is engaged in the study of the Law, According to the view held by Amasa, God's Law seemed more important to him than the will of the King, and no transgression was involved in waiting until they had finished their study. ');"><sup>14</sup></span> But thouthyself<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'that man.' ');"><sup>15</sup></span>
ו אשכחינהו דפתיח להו במסכתא אמר כתיב (יהושע א, יח) כל איש אשר ימרה את פיך ולא ישמע את דבריך לכל אשר תצונו יומת יכול אפילו לדברי תורה תלמוד לומר רק חזק ואמץ
6 didst disobey the royalorder, for it is written, And thetidings<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of Solomon's ascent to the throne. ');"><sup>16</sup></span> come to Joab, for Joab hadturned after Adonijah, though he had turned not afterAbsalom.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I Kings II, 28. ');"><sup>17</sup></span> What is the purpose of'though he had turned not.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For the information that he did not turn after Absalom seems superfluous at this point. ');"><sup>18</sup></span>
ז אלא ההוא גברא מורד במלכות הוה דכתיב (מלכים א ב, כח) והשמועה באה עד יואב כי יואב נטה אחרי אדניה ואחרי אבשלום לא נטה
7 — Rab Judah said: He wished to turn [afterhim], but did not. And why did he not? — R. Eleazar said: David still possessedhis vitality.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'moisture'. But as soon as David became feeble he inclined after Adonijah. ');"><sup>19</sup></span> R. Jose the son ofR. Hanina said: David's star<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] (astrological power), symbol of his mighty men upon whom he placed reliance in war, and who led him to victories. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> wasstill in the ascendant, for Rab Judah said in Rab'sname:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. nn. 4-5, supra p. 114. ');"><sup>21</sup></span>
ח מאי לא נטה אמר רב יהודה שביקש לנטות ולא נטה ומאי טעמא לא נטה אמר רבי אלעזר עדיין ליחלוחית של דוד קיימת
8 Four hundred children hadDavid, all the issue of yefoth to'ar; they had long locks, and used to marchat the head of the troops; it was they who were the men of power in David'shousehold. This [view of Joab] is in contradiction to the view held by R. Abba b. Kahana,who said: But for David,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who studied the Torah continuously. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> Joab wouldnot have succeeded in<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'waged'. ');"><sup>23</sup></span>
ט רבי יוסי ברבי חנינא אמר עדיין איצטגניני של דוד קיימין דאמר רב יהודה אמר רב ארבע מאות ילדים היו לו לדוד כולן בני יפת תואר היו ומגדלי בלורית היו ומהלכין בראשי הגייסות היו והן הן בעלי אגרופין של דוד
9 war; and butfor Joab, David could not have devoted himself to [the study of] the Torah,for it is written, And David executed justice and righteousness for all hispeople, and Joab the son of Zeruiah was over thehost:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Sam, VIII, 15-16. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> — i.e., why was David ableto execute 'justice and righteousness for all his people'? — Because 'Joabwas over the host.' And why was 'Joab over thehost'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., why was he successful in war? ');"><sup>25</sup></span> — Because 'David executedjustice and righteousness for all his people.'
י ופליגא דרבי אבא בר כהנא דאמר רבי אבא בר כהנא אילמלא דוד לא עשה יואב מלחמה ואילמלא יואב לא עסק דוד בתורה דכתיב (שמואל ב ח, טו) ויהי דוד עושה משפט וצדקה לכל עמו ויואב בן צרויה על הצבא מה טעם דוד עשה משפט וצדקה לכל עמו משום דיואב על הצבא ומה טעם יואב על הצבא משום דדוד עושה משפט וצדקה לכל עמו
10 And when Joab was come out from David he sent messengers after Abner andthey brought him back fromBor-Sira.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. III, 26. ');"><sup>26</sup></span> What meaning has [thename] Bor-Sira? — R. Abba b. Kahana said:Bor<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] 'well', hence container of water, a pitcher. ');"><sup>27</sup></span> andSira<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] a thorn-bush. ');"><sup>28</sup></span>
יא (שמואל ב ג, כו) ויצא יואב מעם דוד וישלח מלאכים אחרי אבנר וישיבו אותו מבור הסירה מאי בור הסירה אמר רבי אבא בר כהנא בור וסירה גרמו לו לאבנר שיהרג
11 caused Abner to bekilled.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The explanation of this statement is found in J. Sotah I, where one of the reasons given for Abner's death was his indifference to the effecting of a reconciliation between Saul and David, instead of seeking which, he rather endeavoured to increase their hatred. He did not take advantage of the following two occasions when he might have brought about the reconciliation: One, when Saul entered the cave of En-Gedi where David and his band were hidden, and the latter, though he could have destroyed his pursuer, contented himself with merely cutting off the skirt of his robe (I Sam. XXIV, 4). The second time, in the wilderness of Ziph, when David found Saul sleeping and took the spear and jug of water from beside his head (ibid. XXIV, 12ff), subsequently reproaching Abner for not watching better over the King. Abner, however, made nought of this generous treatment of Saul by David, contending that the jug of water might have been given to David by one of the servants, whilst the skirt of the robe might have been torn away by a thorn-bush, and left hanging. These two incidents are hinted at in the words Bor (well, i.e., a jug of water), and Sira (a thorn-bush). ');"><sup>29</sup></span> And Joab took him aside into the midst of the gate to speak with himquietly.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Sam. III, 27. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> R. Johanan said: He judgedhim according to the law of theSanhedrin.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is inferred from the word 'gate', frequently denoting 'court'; cf. Deut. XXI, 19. ');"><sup>31</sup></span>
יב (שמואל ב ג, כז) ויטהו יואב אל תוך השער לדבר אתו בשלי אמר רבי יוחנן שדנו דין סנהדרי א"ל מ"ט קטלתיה לעשאל עשאל רודף היה היה לך להצילו באחד מאיבריו לא יכילי ליה השתא בדופן חמישית כוונת ליה באחד מאיבריו לא יכלת ליה
12 Thus he asked him: 'Whydidst thou kill Asahel?' — 'Because Asahel was my pursuer.' 'Then thou shouldsthave saved thyself<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'him', i.e., save the pursuer from committing a crime, v. supra p. 326, n 8. ');"><sup>32</sup></span> at the cost ofone of his limbs!' 'I could not do that,' [he answered]. 'If thou couldstaim exactly at his fifth rib, couldst thou not have prevailed against himby [wounding] one of his limbs?' 'To speak with him ba-sheli [quietly]:' Rab Judah said in Rab's name: [Hespoke to him] concerning the putting off [of theshoe].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The word [H] is here derived from [H] to draw or pull off. Joab is supposed to have inquired from Abner in what way a one-armed woman would loosen the shoe in the ceremony of halizah (v. Deut. XXV, 9). On his replying that she would do it with her teeth (cf. Yeb 105a), he asked him to demonstrate it, and as he stooped low to do so, he smote him. This incident is hinted at in David's words of farewell to Solomon: He (sc. Joab) shed the blood of war in peace, — and put the blood of war in the shoes that were on his feet (I Kings II, 5). ');"><sup>33</sup></span>
יג לדבר אתו בשלי אמר רב יהודה אמר רב על עיסקי שלו (שמואל ב ג, כז) ויכהו שם אל החומש אמר רבי יוחנן בדופן חמישית מקום שמרה וכבד תלויין בו
13 'And smote him there at thewaist:' R. Johanan said: At the fifth rib, where the gall-bladder and liverare suspended.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 326, n. 9. ');"><sup>34</sup></span> And the Lord will return his [Joab's] blood upon his own head because hefell upon two men more righteous and better thanhe.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And slew them with the sword. I Kings II, 32. ');"><sup>35</sup></span> 'Better,' because they interpretedaright [the particles] 'ak andrak,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Signifying limitation. v. p. 326, n. 12. According to this, the king's orders were not to be obeyed where they involved serious transgressions; v. p. 327 n. 2, with reference to Amasa, Abner's attitude is intimated in a reference to the murder of the Priests of Nob (v. I Sam. XXII, 17). And the King said unto the guard that stood about him, turn and slay the Priests of the Lord, but the servants of the king would not put forth their hand to fall upon the Priests of the Lord. Cf. also supra 20a, where, according to R. Isaac, Abner tried to restrain the king from committing a murder, but without avail. ');"><sup>36</sup></span>
יד (מלכים א ב, לב) והשיב ה' את דמו על ראשו אשר פגע בשני אנשים צדיקים וטובים ממנו טובים שהיו דורשין אכין ורקין והוא לא דרש צדיקים שהן בפה ולא עשו והוא באיגרת עשה
14 whilst he didnot;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When the king directed him to expose Uriah the Hittite to the enemy in such a manner as to ensure his destruction. V. II Sam. XI, 14ff. ');"><sup>37</sup></span> 'More righteous,' because theywere instructed verbally,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To kill the priests of Nob. ');"><sup>38</sup></span> yet didnot obey, whereas he was instructed in aletter,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XI, 14. And a verbal command by the king is stronger than a mere written order. ');"><sup>39</sup></span>
טו (שמואל ב כ, י) ועמשא לא נשמר בחרב אשר ביד יואב אמר רב שלא חשדו
15 and nevertheless carriedit out. But Amasa did not beware of the sword that was in Joab'shand.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Sam. XX, 10. ');"><sup>40</sup></span> Rab said: That was becausehe did not suspect him. And he was buried in his own house in thewilderness.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I Kings II, 34. ');"><sup>41</sup></span>
טז (מלכים א ב, לד) ויקבר בביתו במדבר אטו ביתו מדבר הוא אמר רב יהודה אמר רב כמדבר מה מדבר מופקר לכל אף ביתו של יואב מופקר לכל דבר אחר כמדבר מה מדבר מנוקה מגזל ועריות אף ביתו של יואב מנוקה מגזל ועריות (דברי הימים א יא, ח) ויואב יחיה את שאר העיר אמר רב יהודה אפילו מוניני וצחנתא טעים פריס להו:
16 But was his house awilderness?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Regarding 'in' as indicating apposition: i.e.,'in his own house,' viz. 'the wilderness.' ');"><sup>42</sup></span> — Rab Judah said inRab's name: It was like a wilderness, just as a wilderness is free to all,so was Joab's house free toall.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., Everyone was sure to find hospitality there. ');"><sup>43</sup></span> Alternatively: 'Like a wilderness'means, just as a wilderness is free from robbery andlicentiousness,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because it it not inhabited by men. ');"><sup>44</sup></span>
יז <br><br><big><strong>הדרן עלך נגמר הדין</strong></big><br><br>
17 so was Joab's housefree from robbery and licentiousness. And Joab kept alive<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] lit., 'made alive,' (E.V.: repaired) i.e., fed. ');"><sup>45</sup></span> the rest ofthe city:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I Chron. XI, 8. ');"><sup>46</sup></span> R. Judah said: Even fishbroth and hashed fish he would merely taste and then distribute to thepoor.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., even his smallest meal he would share with the poor. ');"><sup>47</sup></span>