Shabbat 119

בקולב הלך אחר מסמרותיו בסולם הלך אחר שליבותיו בערסי הלך אחר שלשלותיו וחכמים אומרים הכל הולך אחר המעמיד

in the case of a rack,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Placed outside a shop and fitted with nails and hooks for exhibiting goods. ');">¹</span>

רבא אמר לצדדים קתני יש עליה חותם תכשיט דאיש אין עליה חותם תכשיט דאשה

go after its nails;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If they are of metal, the whole is susceptible to uncleanness. ');">²</span>

רב נחמן בר יצחק אמר טומאה אשבת קרמית טומאה (במדבר לא, נא) כלי מעשה אמר רחמנא וכלי הוא שבת משום משוי אמר רחמנא אין עליה חותם תכשיט יש עליה חותם משוי:

in the case of a ladder, go after its rungs; in the case of a weighing machine, go after its chains.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The machine itself was of wood. ');">³</span>

ולא במחט שאינה נקובה: למאי חזיא אמר רב יוסף הואיל ואשה אוגרת בה שערה

But the Sages maintain: Everything depends on the support.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' E.g., the ladder depends on its frame, not on the rungs, etc. — Hence, according to R. Nehemiah the signet is the chief part of the ring, and since a signet is not ornamental, a sin-offering is incurred. But the Rabbis hold that the ring itself is the chief part, and that is an ornament. ');">⁴</span>

א"ל אביי ותהוי כבירית טהורה ותשתרי

Raba said: It is taught disjunctively:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'to (separate) sides'. The clause 'and a ring whether it has a signet etc.' is not included in the definition of 'women's ornaments'. ');">⁵</span>

אלא תרגמא רב אדא נרשאה קמיה דרב יוסף הואיל ואשה חולקת בה שערה בשבת למאי חזיא אמר רבא טס של זהב יש לה על ראשה בחול חולקת בה שערה בשבת מניחתה כנגד פדחתה:

if it has a signet, it is a man's ornament; if it has no signet, it is a woman's ornament. R. Nahman b. Isaac answered: Do you oppose uncleanness to the Sabbath!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' He likewise treats the clause 'and a ring etc.' as independent of the preceding but as referring to the general laws of uncleanness. ');">⁶</span>

<big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> לא יצא האיש בסנדל המסומר ולא ביחיד בזמן שאין ברגלו מכה ולא בתפילין ולא בקמיע בזמן שאינו מן המומחה ולא בשריון ולא בקסדא ולא במגפיים ואם יצא אינו חייב חטאת:

[In respect to] uncleanness, the Divine Law said, utensils [fit] for work,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Num. XXXI. 51; i.e., which have a definite function. ');">⁷</span>

<big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> סנדל המסומר מאי טעמא

and this [a signet ring] is a utensil. But the Sabbath [interdiction] was imposed by the Divine Law on account of the burden: if it has no signet, it is an ornament; if it has a signet, it is a burden.

אמר שמואל שלפי הגזרה היו והיו נחבאין במערה ואמרו הנכנס יכנס והיוצא אל יצא

NOR WITH A NEEDLE WHICH IS UNPIERCED. What is it fit for?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' How can it be regarded as an ornament? V. p. 266, n. 1. ');">⁸</span>

נהפך סנדלו של אחד מהן כסבורין הם אחד מהן יצא וראוהו אויבים ועכשיו באין עליהן דחקו זה בזה והרגו זה את זה יותר ממה שהרגו בהם אויבים

— Said R. Joseph: Since a woman tidies<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'gathers up': if some wisps of hair stray out from under her wig, they are wound about this needle or bodkin and pushed back (Rashi). Tosaf.: the needle is thrust through the wig to keep the hair in order and prevent it from straying out. 'Aruch reads: ogedeth, she fastens. ');">⁹</span>

רבי אילעאי בן אלעזר אומר במערה היו יושבין ושמעו קול מעל גבי המערה כסבורין היו שבאו עליהם אויבים דחקו זה בזה והרגו זה את זה יותר ממה שהרגו בהן אויבים

her hair with it [it is therefore ornamental]. Said Abaye objected: Let it be as a garter, which is clean, and hence permitted?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. infra 63a. So here too, since the bodkin is required to keep the hair in order, and uncovered hair is considered disgraceful (v. Sanh. 58b), a woman will certainly not remove it for display. ');">¹⁰</span>

רמי בר יחזקאל אמר בבהכ"נ היו יושבין ושמעו קול מאחורי בהכ"נ כסבורין היו שבאו עליהם אויבים דחקו זה בזה והרגו זה את זה יותר ממה שהרגו בהן אויבים

But R. Adda of Naresh<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Identical with Nahras or Nahr-sar, on the canal of the same name, which was a tributary falling into the Euphrates on its eastern bank; Obermeyer, pp. 307 seq. ');">¹¹</span>

באותה שעה אמרו אל יצא אדם בסנדל המסומר אי הכי בחול נמי ליתסר מעשה כי הוה בשבת הוה ביום טוב לישתרי אלמה תנן

interpreted it before R. Joseph: Since a woman parts her hair with it, [it is ornamental]. What is it fit for on the Sabbath?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When parting the hair is forbidden. ');">¹²</span> — Said Raba: It has a golden plaque at the end thereof:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' One end was needle-like while the other was flattened and broadened into a plaque. ');">¹³</span> on weekdays she parts her hair therewith, [while] on the Sabbath she lets it lie against her forehead.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' She thrusts the needle end into her wig, letting the other end come over her forehead as an ornament. ');">¹⁴</span> <b><i>MISHNAH</i></b>. A MAN MAY NOT GO OUT WITH A NAIL-STUDDED SANDAL, NOR WITH A SINGLE [SANDAL]. IF HE HAS NO WOUND ON HIS FOOT;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Either because he may be suspected of carrying the other sandal under his garments (T.J.), or because he may evoke ridicule, which will cause him to remove and carry it. But when one foot is wounded, there is no fear of this. V. Rashi. ');">¹⁵</span> NOR WITH TEFILLIN, NOR WITH AN AMULET, IF IT IS NOT FROM AN EXPERT, NOR WITH A COAT OF MAIL [SHIRYON], NOR WITH A CASQUE [KASDA], NOR WITH GREAVES [MEGAFAYYIM]. YET IF HE GOES OUT, HE DOES NOT INCUR A SIN-OFFERING.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because these are garments in war, hence do not rank as burdens. ');">¹⁶</span> <b><i>GEMARA</i></b>. A NAIL-STUDDED SANDAL: What is the reason? — Said Samuel: It was at the end of the period of persecution.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So Jast. Rashi: There were fugitives from persecution. [The reference is generally held to be to the Syrian persecutions under Antiochus Epiphanes; v. Berliner, Hoffmann Magazin XX, p. 123]. ');">¹⁷</span> and they [some fugitives] were hiding in a cave. They proclaimed, 'He who would enter, let him enter,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As he could see beforehand whether the enemies' spies were on the watch. ');">¹⁸</span> but he who would go out, let him not go out.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For fear of spies, lest their whereabouts be disclosed. ');">¹⁹</span> Now, the sandal of one of them became reversed, so that they thought that one of them had gone out and been seen by the enemies, who would now fall upon them. Thereupon they pressed against each other,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Panic stricken, in order to flee. ');">²⁰</span> and they killed of each other more than their enemies slew of them. R. Ila'i b. Eleazar said: They were stationed in a cave when they heard a sound [proceeding] from above the cave. Thinking that the enemy was coming upon them, they pressed against each other and slew amongst themselves more than the enemy had slain of them. Rami b. Ezekiel said: They were stationed in a Synagogue, when they heard a sound from behind the synagogue. Thinking that the enemy was coming upon them, they pressed against each other and slew amongst themselves more than the enemy had slain of them. In that hour it was enacted: A man must not go out with a nail-studded sandal.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' According to Samuel, because this had led them astray. According to R. Ila'i b. Eleazar and Rami b. Ezekiel, because the carnage had been wrought by their nail-studded sandals. ');">²¹</span> If so, it should be forbidden on weekdays too? — The incident happened on the Sabbath.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The interdict was felt to be in memory of the disaster rather than through actual fear of its repetition, and therefore confined to the Sabbath. ');">²²</span> Then let it be permitted on Festivals! Why did we learn: