Shabbat 55

Chapter 55

א ממשכן כתיב הכא (במדבר יט, יד) זאת התורה אדם כי ימות באהל וכתיב התם (שמות מ, יט) ויפרוש את האהל על המשכן מה להלן של פשתן קרוי אהל אף כאן של פשתן קרוי אהל אי מה להלן שזורין וחוטן כפול ו' אף כאן שזורין וחוטן כפול ו' ת"ל אהל אהל ריבה אי אהל אהל ריבה אפילו כל מילי נמי אם כן גזירה שוה מאי אהני ליה
1 from the Tabernacle. Here it is written, This is the law when a man dieth in a tent [ohel];<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Num. XIX, 14. ');"><sup>1</sup></span> and there it is written, and he spread the tent [ohel] over the Tabernacle:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XL, 19. ');"><sup>2</sup></span> just as there [the covering] of linen is designated tent, so here too, [a covering] of linen is designated tent.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The only covering of vegetable growth of the Tabernacle was linen. ');"><sup>3</sup></span> If so, just as there it was twisted and the thread was doubled sixfold,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deduced in Yoma 71b. ');"><sup>4</sup></span> so here too it must be twisted and its thread doubled sixfold?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Otherwise it should not be defiled. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> — The repetition of tent<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'tent, tent': 'tent' is mentioned three times in Num. XIX, 14 in reference to defilement. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ב ואימא מה להלן קרשים אף כאן קרשים אמר קרא (שמות כו, ד) ועשית קרשים למשכן משכן קרוי משכן ואין קרשים קרויין משכן אלא מעתה ועשית מכסה לאהל הכי נמי מכסה לא איקרי אהל אלא הא דבעי רבי אלעזר עור בהמה טמאה מהו שיטמא באהל המת השתא עור בהמה טהורה לא מטמא עור בהמה טמאה מיבעיא שאני התם דהדר אהדריה קרא דכתיב (במדבר ד, כה) ונשאו את יריעות המשכן ואת אהל מועד מכסהו ומכסה התחש אשר עליו מקיש עליון לתחתון מה תחתון קרוי אהל אף עליון קרוי אהל:
2 is an extension.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Extending the law to a linen tent even if not made in the same way as the covering of the tabernacle. ');"><sup>7</sup></span> If the repetition of tent is an extension, then everything else<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Any other material. ');"><sup>8</sup></span> too should be included? — If so, what avails the <i>gezerah shawah</i>?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Glos. ');"><sup>9</sup></span> Yet [perhaps] say, just as there [the Tabernacle was of] boards, so here too [a tent of] boards [is meant]? — Scripture saith, And thou shalt make boards for the tabernacle:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXVI, 15. ');"><sup>10</sup></span> the tabernacle<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' E.g., the ten curtains on the roof curtains thereof, ibid 1. ');"><sup>11</sup></span> is called tabernacle, but the boards are not designated tabernacle. If so, [when it is stated,] and thou shalt make a covering<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of animal skins. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
ג גופא בעי רבי אלעזר עור בהמה טמאה מהו שיטמא טומאת אהלין מאי קמיבעיא ליה אמר רב אדא בר אהבה תחש שהיה בימי משה קמיבעיא ליה טמא היה או טהור היה אמר רב יוסף מאי תיבעי ליה תנינא לא הוכשרו למלאכת שמים אלא עור בהמה טהורה בלבד.
3 for the tent [ohel],<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' ibid. 14. ');"><sup>13</sup></span> is the covering indeed not designated tent [ohel]? But when R. Eleazar propounded: Can the skin of an unclean animal<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., which is not fit for food. ');"><sup>14</sup></span> be defiled by overshadowing<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'by the uncleanness of tents'. ');"><sup>15</sup></span> the dead? — [What doubt was there] seeing that the skin of a clean animal cannot be defiled,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' On the present hypothesis that the covering, which included ramskins (Ex. XXVI, 14; the ram is a clean animal), is not a tent, hence excluded from Num. XIX, 14. ');"><sup>16</sup></span> is there a question of the skin of an unclean animal<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For this is less likely to suffer such defilement, as is shown below, where a superfluous word is necessary to include it, and also in the Sifra, Thazria'. ');"><sup>17</sup></span> — There it is different, because Scripture restored it,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To be included in the term 'tent' (ohel). ');"><sup>18</sup></span>
ד מתיב רבי אבא רבי יהודה אומר שני מכסאות היו אחד של עורות אילים מאדמים ואחד של עורות תחשים רבי נחמיה אומר מכסה אחד היה ודומה כמין תלא אילן והא תלא אילן טמא הוא ה"ק כמין תלא אילן הוא שיש בו גוונין הרבה ולא תלא אילן דאילו התם טמא והכא טהור א"ר יוסף א"ה היינו דמתרגמינן ססגונא ששש בגוונין הרבה
4 as it is written, they shall bear the curtains of the tabernacle, and the tent of meeting, its covering and the covering of sealskin that is above it:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Num. IV 25. ');"><sup>19</sup></span> thus the upper [covering]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The covering of animal skins. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> is assimilated to the lower:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Viz., the eleven curtains of goats' hair, v. Ex. XVI, 7. ');"><sup>21</sup></span> just as the lower is designated tent,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The 'tent of meeting' is understood to refer not to the Tabernacle as a whole but to these curtains. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> so is the upper designated tent. [To revert to] the main text: 'R. Eleazar propounded: Can the skin<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' It is so designated in verse 7. ');"><sup>23</sup></span>
ה רבא אמר עור בהמה טמאה דמטמא באהל המת מהכא דתניא עור או בעור ריבה עור בהמה טמאה ושלקה ביד כהן קצץ מכולן ועשה אחת מהן מנין תלמוד לומר (ויקרא יג, מח) או בכל מלאכת עור ואיכא למיפרך מה לנגעים שכן שתי וערב טמא בהן
5 of an unclean animal be defiled with the defilement of tents?'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The wording is not exactly as above, but the sense is. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> What is his problem?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' How can he think that it is subject to such defilement, seeing that he learns the definition of 'tent' from the Tabernacle (supra 27b bottom), where the skins of clean animals alone were used? ');"><sup>25</sup></span> — Said R. Adda b. Ahabah: His question relates to the tahash which was in the days of Moses,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A.V. badger; R.V. seal, Levy, Worterbuch: marter, others: badges, sea-dog, seal, cf. Lewysohn, Zool. d. Tal. I, 95f. Tahash skins formed one of the coverings of the Tabernacle; verse quoted supra et passim. ');"><sup>26</sup></span> — was it unclean or clean? R. Joseph observed, What question is this to him? We learnt it! For the sacred work none but the skin of a clean animal was declared fit. R. Abba objected: R. Judah said: There were two coverings, one of dyed rams' skins, and one of tahash skins. R. Nehemiah said: There was one covering<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Consisting half of rams' skin and half of tahash skins.-I.e., apart from the coverings of linen, etc. and of goats' hair. ');"><sup>27</sup></span> and it was like a squirrel['s].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Jast., lit.,'hanging on the tree'. It is doubtful, however, whether a squirrel is meant, as the context shows that a striped (or speckled) animal of many colours is referred to. ');"><sup>28</sup></span>
ו אלא גמר משרצים דתניא עור אין לי אלא עור בהמה טהורה עור בהמה טמאה מנין תלמוד לומר או עור ואיכא למיפרך מה לשרצים שכן מטמאין בכעדשה נגעים יוכיחו וחזר הדין לא ראי זה כראי זה ולא ראי זה כראי זה הצד השוה שבהן שעור טמא בהן ועשה עור בהמה טמאה כעור בהמה טהורה אף אני אביא אהל המת שעור טמא בו ונעשה בו עור בהמה טמאה כעור בהמה טהורה
6 But the squirrel is unclean!-This is its meaning: like a squirrel['s], which has many colours, yet not [actually] the squirrel, for that is unclean, whilst here a clean [animal is meant]. Said R. Joseph: That being so, that is why we translate it sasgawna [meaning] that it rejoices in many colours.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sas, it rejoices, be-gawwanim, in colours. R. Joseph was an expert in the Targumim (Aramaic translations of the Bible), and given to quoting them. ');"><sup>29</sup></span> Raba said: That the skin of an unclean animal is defiled by overshadowing<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'by the tent of a dead'. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> the dead [is inferred] from the following. For it was taught: [Scripture could state] skin; [by stating or in] skin<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XIII, 48. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> it extends [the law to] the skin of an unclean animal and to one which was smitten [with leprosy] in the priests hand.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In Heb. [H] is an extension (Rashi). Even if the skin was not leprous when the priest was sent for, but became affected whilst he was examining it (or after), it is unclean. By analogy, the skin of an unclean animal too is defiled by overshadowing the dead. ');"><sup>32</sup></span> If one cuts off [pieces] of all these<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Materials mentioned in the verse, q.v. ');"><sup>33</sup></span> and makes one [piece] out of them, how do we know [it]?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That it is liable to defilement. ');"><sup>34</sup></span>
ז אמר ליה רבא מברניש לרב אשי איכא למיפרך מה להצד השוה שבהן שכן טמאין בפחות מכזית תאמר במת שאינו מטמא אלא בכזית
7 From the verse, 'or in any thing [meleketh] made of skin'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Meleketh, melakah, work, suggests a manufactured article, and is therefore applied to a combination Of materials. ');"><sup>35</sup></span> But this [Raba's statement] can be refuted: as for leprosy, [the reason<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sc. the defilement of the skin of an unclean animal. ');"><sup>36</sup></span> is] because the warp and the wool is defiled in their case?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which is not the case with corpse defilement, v. infra 64a. ');"><sup>37</sup></span> Rather it is learnt from leprosy. For it was taught: Skin:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XI, 32. This refers to the materials liable to defilement by reptiles. ');"><sup>38</sup></span> I know it only of the skin of a clean animal; how do I know it of the skin of an unclean animal? Therefore it is stated, or skin.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Or is an extension. By analogy the same applies to the defilement of the dead. ');"><sup>39</sup></span> But this may be refuted: as for reptiles, [the reason is] they defile by the size of a lentil.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 116, n. 14. But the minimum portion of a human corpse is the size of an olive, which is larger than a lentil. Since the defilement of reptiles is stricter in that respect, it may also be stricter in respect of the skin of an unclean animal. ');"><sup>40</sup></span>
ח אלא אמר רבא מברניש
8 Let leprosy prove it.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The minimum for leprosy is the size of a bean. ');"><sup>41</sup></span> And thus the argument revolves: the characteristic of one is not that of the other, and vice versa: the feature common to both is that skin is unclean in their case, and the skin of an unclean animal was assimilated to that of a clean animal: so also do I adduce the tent of the dead, that skin is unclean in its case,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., if it forms a tent, ');"><sup>42</sup></span> and the skin of an unclean animal is assimilated to that of a clean animal. Raba of Barnesh<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In Babylon on the canal of the same name, near the town of Mehasia, and some three parasangs from a synagogue named after Daniel; Obermeyer, Landschaft, p. 302. ');"><sup>43</sup></span> observed to R. Ashi: But this can be refuted: as for the feature common to both, it is that they defile others in less than the size of an olive:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A bean too is less. ');"><sup>44</sup></span> will you say [the same] of the dead, which defiles only by the size of an olive? Rather, said Raba of Barnesh,