Shevuot 15

גילוי עריות נמי היכי דמי אי במזיד בר קטלא הוא אי בשוגג בר קרבן הוא

With reference to incest also, how is it possible? If it was witting transgression, the transgressor suffers the death penalty;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Stoning; v. Sanh. 53a.');">¹</span>

במזיד ולא אתרו ביה בשוגג ולא אתידע ליה

if unwitting, he brings a sacrifice.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ker. I, 2.');">²</span> - [Yes, it may atone] for witting transgression without warning, or unwitting transgression before it becomes known to him.

שפיכות דמים נמי ה"ד במזיד בר קטלא הוא אי בשוגג בר גלות הוא

With reference to bloodshed also, how is it possible? If it was witting transgression, the transgressor suffers the death penalty;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Decapitation by the sword; Num XXXV, 16; Sanh, 76b.');">³</span>

במזיד ולא אתרו ביה בשוגג ולא אתידע ליה אי נמי בהנך דלאו בני גלות נינהו

if unwitting, he is exiled?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Num. XXXV, 11.');">⁴</span> - [Yes, it may atone] for witting transgression without warning, or unwitting transgression before it becomes known to him, or for cases where the punishment of exile is not inflicted.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' E.g., if a man ascending a ladder falls on another man and kills him, he is not exiled; v. Mak. 7b.');">⁵</span>

אמר מר יכול על שלש טומאות הללו יהא שעיר מכפר ת"ל (ויקרא טז, טז) מטומאות ולא כל טומאות מה מצינו שחלק הכתוב מכלל כל הטומאות בטומאת מקדש וקדשיו אף כאן בטומאת מקדש וקדשיו דברי רבי יהודה

The Master has stated: 'I might have thought that for these three types of uncleannesses this goat atones, therefore the text says, of the uncleannesses, and not "all the uncleannesses. " What do we find that the text has differentiated from all other uncleannesses? - The uncleanness connected with Temple and holy food; so here also [the text refers to] the uncleanness connected with Temple and holy food. This is the opinion of R'Judah.'

מאי חלק דמייתי בעולה ויורד אימא ע"ז ומאי חלק

What is the differentiation [alluded to]? - [In that] he [alone]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the unwitting transgressor of the laws of uncleanness connected with the Temple and holy food.');">⁶</span> brings a sliding scale sacrifice.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Whereas for other unwitting transgressions a fixed sacrifice is brought.');">⁷</span>

(סימן ע"ז יולדת מצורע נזיר (וכו'))

Then include idolatry;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That the inner goat of the Day of Atonement should atone for it.');">⁸</span> and as to the differentiation, it is in that the sinner brings a she-goat and not a lamb?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Whereas for other unwitting transgressions, either a she-goat or a lamb may be brought.');">⁹</span>

דמייתי שעירה ולא כשבה

- R'Kahana said: We mean a differentiation to relax,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A sliding scale sacrifice is an act of leniency on the part of Holy Writ enabling the sinner to bring an offering according to his means (v. p. 1, n. 7) - a differentiation characteristic of the inner goat of the Day of Atonement, which is a sacrifice bought from public funds, and secures for the individual sinner the suspension of his sin.');">¹⁰</span> but this is a differentiation to restrict.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' He must bring a she-goat even at great expense.');">¹¹</span>

אמר רב כהנא אנן חלק להקל קאמרינן והאי חלק להחמיר הוא

Then include a woman after childbirth, for the text differentiates in her case in that she brings a sliding scale sacrifice?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XII, 6-8. If the Day of Atonement arrives before the time when she has to bring her sacrifice, let us say that the inner goat has already atoned for her, and she need not bring a sacrifice.');">¹²</span> - R'Hoshaia said: [The verse says,] all their sins,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XVI, 16. The inner goat atones for sins; but the woman, in giving birth to a child, has not committed a sin; she brings a sacrifice merely to cleanse her from her uncleanness, so that she may partake of holy food.');">¹³</span>

אימא יולדת דחלק דמייתא עולה ויורד אמר רב הושעיא (ויקרא טז, טז) לכל חטאתם ולא לכל טומאתם

and not 'all their uncleannesses.' And according to R'Simeon B'Yohai who said that a woman after childbirth is also a sinner,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Nid. 31b; because of the travail she vows she will not cohabit again with her husband; and she breaks her vow.');">¹⁴</span>

ולר' שמעון בן יוחאי דאמר יולדת נמי חוטאת היא מאי איכא למימר רבי שמעון לטעמיה דאמר ממקומו הוא מוכרע

what shall we say?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Why should not the inner goat atone for her?');">¹⁵</span> - R'Simeon is consistent in that he holds 'from its own text it may be deduced.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' He does not exclude a woman after childbirth because of the phrase all their sins; but he deduces that the inner goat atones only for the sin of uncleanness connected with the Temple and holy food from its own text; v. supra p. 26.');">¹⁶</span>

אימא מצורע אמר רב הושעיא לכל חטאתם ולא לכל טומאתם

Then include a leper [who also brings a sliding scale sacrifice]?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XIV, 10-32.');">¹⁷</span> - R'Hoshaia said [the verse says]: all their sins; and not 'all their uncleannesses'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A leper is not a sinner,');">¹⁸</span>

ולר' שמואל בר נחמני דאמר על שבעה דברים נגעים באין מאי איכא למימר התם נגעיה דאכפר ליה וקרבן לאישתרויי בקהל

And according to R'Samuel B'Nahman who said, for seven sins leprous affections afflict man,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Calumny, bloodshed, false oath, incest, haughtiness, robbery, selfishness; 'Ar. 16a.');">¹⁹</span> what shall we say?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A leper is therefore a sinner; let us say then that the inner goat of the Day of Atonement atones for him.');">²⁰</span>

ואימא נזיר טמא דחלק דמייתי תורים ובני יונה אמר רב הושעיא לכל חטאתם ולא לכל טומאתם

- There the leprosy itself atones for him;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The distress he suffers because of his leprosy is sufficient punishment for him.');">²¹</span> and the sacrifice is merely to permit him to join the congregation.

ולר' אלעזר הקפר דאמר נזיר נמי חוטא הוא מאי איכא למימר סבר לה כר' שמעון דאמר ממקומו הוא מוכרע

Then include a Nazirite<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' One who vows to consecrate himself to God; he must abstain from grapes and all productions of the vine, and let his hair grow; v. Num. VI, 1-21.');">²²</span> who has become unclean, for the text differentiates in his case in that he brings turtledoves or young pigeons?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 9-10.');">²³</span>

אמר מר ר' שמעון אומר ממקומו הוא מוכרע הרי הוא אומר (ויקרא טז, טז) וכפר על הקדש מטומאות מטומאתו של קודש כו' שפיר קאמר רבי שמעון ורבי יהודה אמר לך ההוא מיבעי ליה כי היכי דעביד לפני ולפנים הכי נעביד בהיכל

- R'Hoshaia said [the verse says]: all their sins, and not 'all their uncleannesses.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A Nazirite is not a sinner.');">²⁴</span> And according to R'Eleazar ha-Kappar who said that a Nazirite is also a sinner,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By his vow he has inflicted upon himself abstinence from wine, and has thereby sinned; Nazir 19a.');">²⁵</span>

ורבי שמעון ההוא (ויקרא טז, טז) מוכן יעשה נפקא ורבי יהודה אי מההיא הוה אמינא ניתי פר ושעיר אחריני ונעביד קמ"ל ור' שמעון וכן יעשה לאהל מועד מיניה משמע

what shall we say?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Why should not the inner goat atone for him?');">²⁶</span> - He agrees with R'Simeon who holds that 'from its own text it may be deduced.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That the inner goat atones only for the uncleanness connected with Temple and holy food.');">²⁷</span>

אמר מר יכול על כל טומאות שבקודש יהא שעיר זה מכפר ת"ל מפשעיהם לכל חטאתם וגו' מאי ניהו יש בה ידיעה בתחלה ויש בה ידיעה בסוף האי בר קרבן הוא

The Master has stated: R'Simeon said from its own text it may be deduced, for it says: And he shall make atonement for the holy place, of the uncleannesses. of the uncleannesses of the holy place.'

לא צריכא דאתידע ליה סמוך לשקיעת החמה ס"ד אמינא אדמייתי

R'Simeon argues well. [Why then does not] R'Judah [accept this deduction]?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Instead of deducing it from the fact that Holy Writ differentiates in the case of the uncleanness connected with Temple and holy food; v. supra p. 26.');">²⁸</span> - He may say to you that [and he shall make atonement.] is required [to teach us] that just as he does in the Holy of Holies,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XVI, 14, 15.');">²⁹</span> so shall he do [outside the veil] in the Temple. And how does R'Simeon [deduce this]? - He deduces it from and so shall he do.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 16.');">³⁰</span> And R'Judah [cannot he also deduce it from this phrase? - No!] From this phrase we might have thought that he must bring another bullock and goat to do [the service outside the veil in the Temple], therefore the text teaches us [and he shall make atonement for the holy place, implying that he shall use the same bullock and goat, and so shall he do means that he shall repeat the service outside the veil]. And R'Simeon [why does he not agree with this argument of R'Judah? - Because the phrase] and so shall he do for the tent of meeting implies everything.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That he shall repeat the service outside the veil; and it would not have entered our minds to think that he should bring an extra bullock and goat. Therefore the phrase and he shall make atonement for the holy place, of the uncleannesses is superfluous, and hence may of be utilised for the deduction that the inner goat atones only for the uncleannesses of the holy place, i.e., Temple and holy food.');">³¹</span> The Master stated: 'I might have thought that for every uncleanness connected with the Temple and holy food this goat atones, therefore the text says: and of their transgressions, even all their sins [- sins are equated with transgressions; just as transgressions are not liable for sacrifice, so sins in this verse are thos which are not liable for sacrifice: but a sin which is liable for sacrifice is exclude, i,e. , the inner goat doe atone for it].'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. supra p 26.');">³²</span> Which is it [that is excluded]? Where there is knowledge at the beginning and at the end. [Surely for such a sin] the transgressor must bring a sliding scale sacrifice!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Why then do we require the deduction to exclude such a sin from the atonement effected by the inner goat.');">³³</span> The deduction is not necessary save in the case where the sin becomes known to the transgressor near sunset [on the eve of the Day of Atonement].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When there is no time to bring the sliding scale sacrifice, as sacrifices are offered only during the day-time (v. Meg. 20b) .');">³⁴</span> I might have thought that [in the meantime] until he brings his sacrifice,