Shevuot 76

או דלמא אכל חדא וחדא מיחייב

or is he liable for each one?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of the particulars in the case of each of the claimants, i.e., 20 in all.');">¹</span> - Come and hear: R'Hiyya taught: Behold, there are here twenty sin offerings. How is this?

תא שמע דתני רבי חייא הרי כאן עשרים חטאות היכי דמי אי דפריש רבי חייא מנינא אתא לאשמועינן אלא לאו דלא פריש ושמע מינה פרטא הוי:

If he expressed fully,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To each claimant: 'And thou hast not in my possession a deposit, loan, theft, and lost object,' repeating all the particulars to each claimant.');">²</span> [it is obvious;] does R'Hiyya come to tell us the number?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' We can count ourselves.');">³</span> Obviously therefore, he did not express fully;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' But as in Raba's enquiry.');">⁴</span>

אנסת ופתית את בתי כו': אמר רבי חייא בר אבא אמר רבי יוחנן מאי טעמא דרבי שמעון הואיל ועיקר קנס הוא תובע

hence, we deduce from this that they are particulars.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Though he does not express them fully to each claimant, we assume that when he says, 'and thou hast not in my possession,' he refers to the particulars already enumerated to the first claimant; and therefore he is liable to 20 offerings.');">⁵</span> 'THOU HAST VIOLATED OR SEDUCED MY DAUGHTER,' etc. R'Hiyya B'Abba said that R'Johanan said: What is R'Simeon's reason?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For exempting him from an offering.');">⁶</span> Because mainly it is the fine that he is claiming.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 50 shekels; Deut. XXII, 29; and for denying a fine on oath he is not liable; and though for seduction there is also liability for 'shame and iunn blemish' (which are) , the father of the girl is concerned mainly with obtaining the 50 shekels.');">⁷</span>

אמר רבא משל דרבי שמעון למה הדבר דומה לאדם שאמר לחבירו תן לי חטין ושעורין וכוסמין שיש לי בידך אמר לו שבועה שאין לך בידי חטין ואשתכח דחטין הוא דלית ליה הא שעורין וכוסמין אית ליה דפטור דכי אשתבע אחטין אקושטא משתבע

Said Raba: In illustration of R'Simeon's view, to what may it be compared? To a man who said to his neighbour, 'Give me the wheat, barley, and spelt that I have in thy possession,' and he replied to him, 'I swear that thou hast not in my possession wheat,' and it was found that wheat he really did not have, but barley and spelt he had; he is exempt, for when he swore about the wheat, he swore the truth.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Here also, since the father is claiming mainly the fine, the seducer in denying seduction on oath, is denying mainly the fine; and for denying a fine, he is not liable for an offering.');">⁸</span> Said Abaye to him: How can they be compared?

אמר ליה אביי מי דמי התם בחטין קא כפר ליה בשעורין וכוסמין לא קא כפר ליה הכא בכולה מילתא הוא דקא כפר ליה הא לא דמיא אלא לאומר לחבירו תן לי חטין ושעורין וכוסמין שיש לי בידך שבועה שאין לך בידי כלל ואשתכח חטין הוא דלית ליה הא שעורין וכוסמין אית ליה דמיחייב

There he denies the wheat, but does not deny the barley and spelt,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And he swore the truth. iunn');">⁹</span> but here, he denies the whole thing!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For since he denies seduction, he is ipso facto denying liability also for shame and blemish, which are .');">¹⁰</span> But this then is to be compared only to one who says to his neighbour, 'Give me the wheat, barley and spelt which I have in thy possession,' [and the other replies,] 'I swear that thou hast not anything in my possession,' and it was found that wheat he really did not have, but barley and spelt he had; he is liable!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For he denied barley and spelt; here also, R. Simeon should make him liable, for he denied shame and blemish.');">¹¹</span>

אלא כי אתא רבין אמר רבי יוחנן לדברי רבן שמעון קנס הוא תובע ולא בושת ופגם לדברי חכמים אף בושת ופגם הוא תובע במאי קא מיפלגי אמר רב פפא ר"ש סבר לא שביק איניש מידי דקיץ ותבע מידי דלא קיץ ורבנן סברי לא שביק מידי דכי מודה ביה לא מיפטר ותבע מידי דכי מודה ביה מיפטר:

- But when Rabin came [from Palestine] he said in the name of R'Johanan: According to R'Simeon, he is claiming the fine, and not for shame and blemish; according to the Sages, he is claiming also for shame and blemish. In what do they disagree? - R'Papa said: R'Simeon holds, a man does not leave that which is fixed<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The fine.');">¹²</span> to claim that which is not fixed;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Shame and blemish, which have to be estimated according to the individual. iunn');">¹³</span>

<br><br><big><strong>הדרן עלך שבועת הפקדון:</strong></big><br><br>

and the Rabbis hold, he does not leave that which, if he were to admit it, he would not be exempt,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Shame and blemish, which are .');">¹⁴</span> to claim that which, if he were to admit it, he would be exempt.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The fine.');">¹⁵</span> <big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>THE OATH OF THE JUDGES<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' An oath is imposed by the judges on a debtor who admits a portion of the claim, denying the rest.');">¹⁶</span>

מתני׳ <big><strong>שבועת</strong></big> הדיינין הטענה שתי כסף וההודאה בשוה פרוטה ואם אין ההודאה ממין הטענה פטור

[IS IMPOSED WHEN] THE CLAIM IS [AT LEAST] TWO SILVER COINS,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Two ma'ahs; a ma'ah was the smallest silver coin (about 2 d.) .');">¹⁷</span> AND THE ADMISSION THE EQUIVALENT OF A PERUTAH.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The smallest copper coin, 1/32 of a ma'ah (8 perutahs = 1 isar, 2 isars = 1 pundion, 2 pundions = 1 ma'ah) ; hence a perutah = about 1/16 d.');">¹⁸</span> AND IF THE ADMISSION IS NOT OF THE SAME KIND AS THE CLAIM,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The debtor admits something else, which the creditor is not claiming.');">¹⁹</span>

כיצד שתי כסף לי בידך אין לך בידי אלא פרוטה פטור שתי כסף ופרוטה לי בידך אין לך בידי אלא פרוטה חייב

HE IS EXEMPT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' From an oath.');">²⁰</span> HOW? - 'TWO SILVER MA'AHS<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Not the coins, but their weight in silver.');">²¹</span> OF MINE HAVE YOU IN YOUR POSSESSION,' [AND THE OTHER REPLIES,] 'I HAVE NOT IN MY POSSESSION OF YOURS EXCEPT A PERUTAH,'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Its weight in copper.');">²²</span>

מנה לי בידך אין לך בידי פטור מנה לי בידך אין לך בידי אלא חמשים דינר חייב

HE IS EXEMPT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because the creditor claims silver, and the debtor admits copper. If, however, the claim was a silver coin, and the admission a copper coin, he is liable; for they are both coins.');">²³</span> - 'TWO SILVER MA'AHS OF MINE AND A PERUTAH HAVE YOU IN YOUR POSSESSION,' [AND THE OTHER REPLIES,] 'I HAVE NOT IN MY POSSESSION OF YOURS EXCEPT A PERUTAH,' HE IS LIABLE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because he admits a portion of the claim.');">²⁴</span> - 'YOU HAVE OF MINE A HUNDRED DENARII.'

מנה לאבא בידך אין לך בידי אלא נ' דינר פטור מפני שהוא כמשיב אבידה

- 'I HAVE NOT OF YOURS,' HE IS EXEMPT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because there is no admission of a portion.');">²⁵</span> - 'YOU HAVE OF MINE A HUNDRED DENARII.' - 'I HAVE OF YOURS ONLY FIFTY DENARII,' HE IS LIABLE.

מנה לי בידך אמר לו הן למחר אמר לו תנהו לי נתתיו לך פטור אין לך בידי חייב

- 'YOU HAVE OF MY FATHER'S A HUNDRED DENARII.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., 'l believe you have, but I am not sure'; v. infra 42b.');">²⁶</span> - 'I HAVE OF HIS ONLY FIFTY DENARII.' HE IS EXEMPT, BECAUSE IT IS AS IF HE RESTORES A LOST OBJECT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For he could have denied it all, since the son who claims is himself doubtful.');">²⁷</span>

מנה לי בידך אמר לו הן אל תתנהו לי אלא בעדים למחר אמר לו תנהו לי נתתיו לך חייב מפני שצריך ליתנו בעדים

'YOU HAVE OF MINE A HUNDRED DENARII.' HE SAID TO HIM,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the presence of witnesses (Rashi, 42a) .');">²⁸</span> 'YES.'

ליטרא זהב יש לי בידך אין לך בידי אלא ליטרא כסף פטור דינר זהב יש לי בידך אין לך בידי אלא דינר כסף וטריסית ופונדיות ופרוטה חייב שהכל מין מטבע אחת

ON THE MORROW HE SAID TO HIM, 'GIVE THEM TO ME;' [AND HE REPLIED,] 'I HAVE GIVEN THEM TO YOU,' HE IS EXEMPT. [IF HE SAYS,] 'I HAVE NOT OF YOURS IN MY POSSESSION,' HE IS LIABLE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To pay, and is not believed on oath, for he is already proved to be a liar, having the previous day admitted before witnesses his liability.');">²⁹</span> - 'YOU HAVE OF MINE A HUNDRED DENARII.'

כור תבואה לי בידך אין לך בידי אלא לתך קטנית פטור כור פירות לי בידך אין לך בידי אלא לתך קטנית חייב שהקטנית בכלל פירות

HE SAID TO HIM, 'YES. - GIVE THEM NOT TO ME EXCEPT BEFORE WITNESSES.' ON THE MORROW HE SAID TO HIM, 'GIVE THEM TO ME;' [AND HE REPLIED,] 'I HAVE GIVEN THEM TO YOU,' HE IS LIABLE, BECAUSE HE SHOULD HAVE GIVEN THEM TO HIM BEFORE WITNESSES.

טענו חטין והודה לו בשעורין פטור ורבן גמליאל מחייב

- 'YOU HAVE OF MINE A LITRA<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A certain weight.');">³⁰</span> OF GOLD.' - 'I HAVE OF YOURS ONLY A LITRA OF SILVER,' HE IS EXEMPT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because the admission is not of the same kind as the claim.');">³¹</span>

הטוען לחבירו בכדי שמן והודה לו בקנקנים אדמון אומר הואיל והודה לו מקצת ממין הטענה ישבע וחכמים אומרים אין ההודאה ממין הטענה אמר רבן גמליאל רואה אני את דברי אדמון

- 'YOU HAVE OF MINE A GOLDEN DENAR''<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Equals 25 silver denarii; 1 silver denar = 6 ma'ahs. ohxhry');">³²</span> - 'I HAVE OF YOURS ONLY A SILVER DENAR, OR A TRESIS,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Read , = 3 isars; v. p. 232, n. 3.');">³³</span> OR A PUNDION, OR A PERUTAH'; HE IS LIABLE, FOR ALL ARE ONE KIND OF COINAGE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The claim is a coin, and the admission is a coin.');">³⁴</span>

טענו כלים וקרקעות והודה בכלים וכפר בקרקעות בקרקעות וכפר בכלים פטור הודה במקצת הקרקעות פטור במקצת הכלים חייב שהנכסים שאין להן אחריות זוקקין את הנכסים שיש להן אחריות לישבע עליהן

- 'YOU HAVE OF MINE A KOR<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 1 kor = 2 lethek; measure of capacity.');">³⁵</span> OF GRAIN.' - 'I HAVE OF YOURS ONLY A LETHEK OF BEANS;' HE IS EXEMPT; 'YOU HAVE OF MINE A KOR OF PRODUCE.'

אין נשבעין על טענת חרש שוטה וקטן ואין משביעין את הקטן אבל נשבעין לקטן ולהקדש:

- 'I HAVE OF YOURS ONLY A LETHEK OF BEANS;' HE IS LIABLE, FOR BEANS ARE INCLUDED IN PRODUCE. IF HE CLAIMED FROM HIM WHEAT, AND THE OTHER ADMITTED BARLEY, HE IS EXEMPT; BUT R'GAMALIEL MAKES HIM LIABLE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' He does not require the admission to be of the same kind as the claim.');">³⁶</span> IF HE CLAIMS FROM HIS NEIGHBOUR JARS OF OIL, AND HE ADMITS [HIS CLAIM TO THE EMPTY] JARS, ADMON SAYS, SINCE HE ADMITS TO HIM A PORTION OF THE SAME KIND AS THE CLAIM, HE MUST SWEAR'BUT THE SAGES SAY, THE ADMISSION IS NOT OF THE SAME KIND AS THE CLAIM.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since he claims both jars and oil, the admission must be a portion of both.');">³⁷</span>

<big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> היכי משבעינן ליה אמר רב יהודה אמר רב משביעין אותו בשבועה האמורה בתורה דכתיב (בראשית כד, ג) ואשביעך בה' אלהי השמים

R'GAMALIEL SAID, I APPROVE THE WORDS OF ADMON. IF HE CLAIMS FROM HIM VESSELS AND LANDS, AND HE ADMITS THE VESSELS, BUT DENIES THE LANDS; OR ADMITS THE LANDS, BUT DENIES THE VESSELS, HE IS EXEMPT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' From an oath; if he admits the vessels, but denies the land, there is no oath, for there is no oath in the case of land (infra 42b) ; if he admits kfv rpuf the land, but denies the vessels, there is no oath, for there is no admission of a portion of the vessels; and since he denies all () he is free from an oath.');">³⁸</span> IF HE ADMITS A PORTION OF THE LANDS, HE IS EXEMPT; A PORTION OF THE VESSELS, HE IS LIABLE;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To swear for the vessels, and also for the lands, since an oath is imposed in any case because of the vessels.');">³⁹</span>

אמר ליה רבינא לרב אשי כמאן כרבי חנינא בר אידי דאמר בעינן שם המיוחד

BECAUSE PROPERTIES FOR WHICH THERE IS NO SECURITY<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Movables.');">⁴⁰</span> BIND PROPERTIES FOR WHICH THERE IS SECURITY<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Land.');">⁴¹</span> TO TAKE AN OATH FOR THEM.

אמר ליה אפי' תימא רבנן דאמרי בכינוי ונפקא מינה צריך לאתפושי חפצא בידיה

NO OATH IS IMPOSED IN A CLAIM BY A DEAF-MUTE, IMBECILE, OR MINOR'AND NO OATH IS IMPOSED ON A MINOR; BUT AN OATH IS IMPOSED WHEN A CLAIM IS LODGED AGAINST A MINOR, OR AGAINST THE TEMPLE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. infra 42b.');">⁴²</span> <big><b>GEMARA: </b></big>How do we impose the oath on him? - Rab Judah said that Rab said: We adjure him with the oath that is stated in the Torah, as it is written, And I will make thee swear by the Lord, the God of heaven.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gen. XXIV,3.');">⁴³</span> Said Rabina to R'Ashi: In accordance with whose view [is this]?

וכדרבא דאמר רבא האי דיינא דאשבע בה' אלהי השמים נעשה כמי שטעה בדבר משנה וחוזר ואמר רב פפא האי דיינא דאשבע בתפלין נעשה כמי שטעה בדבר משנה וחוזר

In accordance with the view of R'Hanina B'Idi, who says we require the Distinguishing Name!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Tetragrammaton; supra p. 208, n. 16.');">⁴⁴</span> - He said to him: You may even say it is in accordance with the view of the Rabbis, who say [he may be adjured] with a Substitute [for the Name];<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid.');">⁴⁵</span> but the outcome is that he must hold something [sacred] in his hand;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' What Rab meant in saying he must be adjured by the oath stated in the Torah is not that the Name must be used, but that a Sefer Torah');">⁴⁶</span>

והלכתא כוותיה דרבא ולית הלכתא כוותיה דרב פפא הלכתא כוותיה דרבא דהא לא נקיט חפצא בידיה ולית הלכתא כוותיה דרב פפא דהא נקיט חפצא בידיה

and as Raba said, for Raba said: A judge who adjures by 'the Lord God of heaven' [without handing a sacred object to the person taking the oath] is counted as having erred in the ruling of a Mishnah,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Though it is not stated in the Mishnah, but is merely a law promulgated by Rab, it has the force of a mishnaic law; Sanh. 33a.');">⁴⁷</span> and must repeat [the ceremony correctly].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And we do not say that the judge, having already administered the oath incorrectly, should suffer the consequences of his mistake, and pay the amount denied by the debtor on this incorrectly administered oath.');">⁴⁸</span> And R'Papa said: A judge who adjures with tefillin<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Tefillin are not deemed as sacred as a Scroll of the Law.');">⁴⁹</span>

שבועה מעומד תלמיד חכם מיושב שבועה בספר תורה תלמיד חכם לכתחלה בתפלין

is counted as having erred in the ruling of a Mishnah, and must repeat [the ceremony].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' With a Scroll of the Law.');">⁵⁰</span> The law is in accordance with the view of Raba,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That if he did not hold any sacred object when taking the oath, it must be repeated properly.');">⁵¹</span> and the law is not in accordance with the view of R'Papa.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That if he held tefillin it is not good enough. vkj,fk');">⁵²</span>

ת"ר שבועת הדיינין אף היא בלשונה נאמרה

The law is in accordance with the view of Raba, for he did not hold any [sacred] object in his hand; but the law is not in accordance with the view of R'Papa, for he held a [sacred] object in his hand. The oath [must be taken] standing; a disciple of the wise [may take it] sitting. The oath must be administered with a Sefer Torah,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Though if it has already been administered with tefillin it is effective; but a Sefer Torah is required in the first instance .');">⁵³</span>

אומרים לו הוי יודע

a disciple of the wise may directly take it with tefillin.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As a special consideration.');">⁵⁴</span> Our Sages taught: [As to] the oath of the judges - it also may be said in any language. They say to him: Know