Shevuot 85

Chapter 85

א (שמות כב, ו) כי יתן איש אל רעהו כלל כסף או כלים פרט לשמור חזר וכלל כלל ופרט וכלל אי אתה דן אלא כעין הפרט מה הפרט מפורש דבר המטלטל וגופו ממון אף כל דבר המטלטל וגופו ממון
1 If a man give unto his neighbour<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXII, 6; this verse deals with an unpaid guardian (v. B.M. 94b) , who takes an oath that he has not been wilfully neglectful, and is exempt from making restitution.');"><sup>1</sup></span> - is a generalisation; silver or vessels - are specifications; to keep - is another generalisation: where there is generalisation, specification, and generalisation, you may include only those things which are similar to the specification: just as the specification is clearly a thing which is movable and intrinsically worth money, so everything which is movable, and intrinsically worth money [may be included], but exclude lands, which are not movable, exclude slaves, which are likened to land, and exclude bonds which, though they are movable, are not intrinsically worth money.
ב יצאו קרקעות שאין מטלטלין יצאו עבדים שהוקשו לקרקעות יצאו שטרות שאף על פי שמטלטלין אין גופן ממון הקדש רעהו כתיב
2 As for dedicated things, it is written, his neighbour.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid.');"><sup>2</sup></span> A PAID GUARDIAN DOES NOT PAY.
ג נושא שכר אינו משלם מנלן דתנו רבנן (שמות כב, ו) כי יתן איש אל רעהו כלל חמור או שור או שה פרט וכל בהמה לשמור חזר וכלל כלל ופרט וכלל כו' עד הקדש רעהו כתיב:
3 Whence do we know this? - Our Rabbis taught: If a man give unto his neighbour<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXII, 9; this verse deals with a paid guardian (v. B.M. 94b) who normally pays for loss or theft.');"><sup>3</sup></span> - is a generalisation; an ass, or an ox, or a sheep - are specifications; or any beast, to keep - is another generalisation: where there is generalisation, specification, and generalisation, etc. till: a for dedicated things, it is written, his neighbour.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid.; the whole argument as above.');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ד ר"מ אומר יש דברים שהן כקרקע ואינן כקרקע כו': מכלל דרבי מאיר סבר כל המחובר לקרקע אינו כקרקע אדמיפלגי בטעונות ליפלגי בסרוקות
4 R'MEIR SAID: THERE ARE THINGS WHICH ARE [ATTACHED] TO LAND, BUT ARE NOT LIKE LAND, ETC. Hence, R'Meir holds that which is attached to land is not counted like land?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since he says that in a claim for 10 vines (the other admitting 5) an oath is imposed.');"><sup>5</sup></span>
ה (אלא) א"ר יוסי ברבי חנינא הכא בענבים עומדות להבצר קמיפלגי דרבי מאיר סבר כבצורות דמיין ורבנן סברי לא כבצורות דמיין:
5 - Then why do they disagree about laden [vines], let them disagree about fruitless [trees]!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Why mention in the illustration that the trees are laden with grapes? That is surely immaterial!');"><sup>6</sup></span> - R'Jose son of R'Hanina said: Here they disagree about grapes which are ready to be cut, R'Meir holding they are as if they are already cut; whereas the Rabbis hold they are not as if they are already cut.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Meir holds that which is joined to the land is counted like land, but here, in the case of vines, he holds that an oath is imposed, because the grapes were ready for cutting, and therefore he accounts them as equivalent to having been cut, and therefore imposes an oath.');"><sup>7</sup></span>
ו אין נשבעין אלא על דבר שבמדה ושבמשקל כו': אמר אביי לא שנו אלא דאמר ליה בית סתם אבל אמר ליה בית זה מלא ידיעא טענתיה
6 AN OATH IS IMPOSED ONLY FOR A THING [DEFINED] BY SIZE, WEIGHT, etc. Abaye said: They did not teach [that an oath is not imposed] except when he said to him: 'A HOUSE' merely;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'A house full of produce I delivered to you.'');"><sup>8</sup></span> but if he said to him: 'This house full etc.'
ז א"ל רבא אי הכי אדתני סיפא זה אומר עד הזיז וזה אומר עד החלון חייב ליפלוג וליתני בדידה במה דברים אמורים בבית מלא אבל בית זה מלא חייב
7 his claim is known.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For if he says: 'This house full of produce,' he is defining his claim exactly, for the amount of produce it will contain may be ascertained; and if the other returns the house to him half empty, he is liable to take an oath.');"><sup>9</sup></span> - Said Raba to him: If so, why does he teach in the later clause: THIS ONE SAID: '[I GAVE YOU PRODUCE REACHING] UP TO THE MOULDING [ABOVE THE WINDOW],' AND THE OTHER SAID: 'ONLY UP TO THE WINDOW,' HE IS LIABLE.
ח אלא אמר רבא לעולם אינו חייב עד שיטעננו בדבר שבמדה שבמשקל ושבמנין ויודה לו בדבר שבמדה ושבמשקל ושבמנין
8 Let him make a distinction in teaching this [first] clause itself - [thus:] When is it stated [that an oath is not imposed] - only if he says: 'A full house,' but if he says: 'This full house,' he is liable!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Why then should the Mishnah insert an extra clause (that one claims 'to the moulding' and the other admits 'to the window') ? Obviously, therefore, there is no difference between 'a house full' and 'this house full'.');"><sup>10</sup></span> - But said Raba: He is never liable unless he claims from him a thing [that is defined] by size, weight, or number; and he admits to him a thing [that is defined] by size, weight, or number.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' But if he says: 'This house full etc.' though the amount it holds may be ascertained, the defendant is not liable; for he too must mention specifically the exact amount (size, weight, or number) he is admitting; v. Tosaf.');"><sup>11</sup></span>
ט תניא כוותיה דרבא כור תבואה לי בידך והלה אומר אין לך בידי פטור מנורה גדולה יש לי בידך אין לך בידי אלא מנורה קטנה פטור אזורה גדולה יש לי בידך אין לך בידי אלא אזורה קטנה פטור
9 It was taught in support of Raba: [If a man says,] 'A kor of grain of mine you have in your possession'; and the other says: 'I have not of yours in my possession,'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [MS.M. preserves a preferable reading, adding: 'but pulse'. V. next note]. kfv rpuf');"><sup>12</sup></span> he is exempt.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because he denies it all () . [According to MS.M. (n. 5) : Because the admission is not in like kind of the claim, cf. next note.]');"><sup>13</sup></span>
י אבל אמר לו כור תבואה יש לי בידך והלה אומר אין לך בידי אלא לתך חייב מנורה בת עשר ליטרין יש לי בידך אין לך בידי אלא בת חמש ליטרין חייב
10 'A large candlestick of mine you have in your possession.' - 'I have of yours in my possession only a small candlestick,' he is exempt.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because the admission is not of the same kind as the claim; he does not admit a portion of what the other claims, but something else.');"><sup>14</sup></span>
יא כללו של דבר לעולם אינו חייב עד שיטעננו בדבר שבמדה ושבמשקל ושבמנין ויודה לו בדבר שבמדה ושבמשקל ושבמנין
11 'A large girdle of mine you have in your possession.' - I have of yours in my possession only a small girdle,' he is exempt.
יב כללו של דבר לאתויי מאי לאו לאתויי בית זה מלא
12 But if he said to him: 'A kor of grain of mine you have in your possession,' and the other said: 'I have of yours in my possession only a lethek [of grain],' he is liable.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because he admits a portion: 1 kor = 2 lethek.');"><sup>15</sup></span> 'A candlestick of [the weight of] ten litras you have of mine in your possession.'
יג ומאי שנא מנורה גדולה ומנורה קטנה מה שטענו לא הודה לו ומה שהודה לו לא טענו אי הכי בת עשר בת חמש נמי מה שטענו לא הודה לו ומה שהודה לו לא טענו
13 - 'I have of yours in my possession [a candlestick of the weight of] only five litras,' he is liable.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The reason is explained below.');"><sup>16</sup></span> The principle of the matter is: He is never liable unless he claims from him a thing [that is defined] by size, weight, or number; and he admits to him a thing [that is defined] by size, weight, or number.
יד אמר ר' שמואל בר רב יצחק הכא במנורה של חליות עסקינן דקא מודה ליה מינה
14 Now, 'The principle of the matter': what does this include?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The principle may be inferred from the examples mentioned. Why is the principle stated? Obviously, to include something that may not be deduced from the examples.');"><sup>17</sup></span> Does it not include [the case where he says]: 'This house full etc.'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That the defendant is here also exempt, because neither the claim nor the admission is defined exactly as to size, weight, or number. Hence this Baraitha supports Raba.');"><sup>18</sup></span>
טו אי הכי אזורה נמי ניתני ולוקמי בדלייפי אלא דלייפי לא קתני הכא נמי בשל חליות לא קתני
15 Now, what is the difference? [In the case of] 'large candlestick and small candlestick,' [he is exempt because] what he claimed from him, he did not admit to him; and what he admitted to him, he did not claim from him; if so, [in the case of] 'ten litras and five litras [weight]' he should also be exempt, because what h claimed from him, he did not admit to him; and what he admitted to him, he did not claim from him! - R'Samuel son of R'Isaac said: Here we are discussing a candlestick of sections, of which he admits a portion.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The candlestick of ten litras is built up of separate sections which can be taken apart, and the defendant admits that certain sections, amounting to five litras, belong to the claimant, but not the rest. He is therefore liable, because he admits a portion of this very candlestick.');"><sup>19</sup></span>
טז אלא אמר ר' אבא בר ממל שאני מנורה הואיל ויכול לגוררה ולהעמידה על חמש ליטרין:
16 - If so, [in the case of] girdle also let him teach [a similar law], and explain it as referring to pieces sewn together!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If one claims a girdle of the length of ten cubits, and the other admits owing him a girdle five cubits long, he is liable, if the girdle consists of separate pieces (each, for example, one cubit long) sewn together, and he admits that five of the pieces of the girdle belong to the claimant.');"><sup>20</sup></span> But [you must conclude that] he [the Tanna] does not state [the case of a girdle made up of] pieces sewn together.
יז <big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> המלוה את חבירו על המשכון ואבד המשכון אמר לו סלע הלויתיך עליו ושקל היה שוה והלה אומר לא כי אלא סלע הלויתני עליו וסלע היה שוה פטור
17 Here also [then], he would not state [the case of a candlestick made up of] separate sections!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since he does not mention the case of a girdle of separate pieces, we cannot say, in the case of a candlestick, that the reason he is liable is because it is composed of sections (some of which he admits) . What, then, is the reason for liability in the case of a candlestick of ten litras (the defendant admitting owing a candlestick of five litras) ?');"><sup>21</sup></span> - But said R'Abba B'Mammal: A candlestick is different, because he can scrape it and reduce it to five litras.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If one claims a candlestick of ten litras, and the other admits one of five litras, he is liable for an oath, because he may have scraped the metal, or planed the wood, (if it is made of wood) of this very candlestick, so that its weight is now only five litras. He therefore admits a portion of the actual claim, and is liable. If, however, one claims a large candlestick (i.e., tall) and the other admits a small candlestick (i.e., short) , he is n liable, because he is admitting something which was not claimed, for we cannot say that he shortened the very same candlestick that was claimed, by cutting off top or bottom, because that would spoil it. In the case of a large girdle (i.e., long) and small girdle (i.e., short) , the defendant is exempt, because we cannot say he is admitting a portion of the same girdle (which he has cut down and shortened) for the cut ends would be noticeable. Hence, both in the case of candlestick (tall and short) and girdle (long and short) , the defendant is exempt, because he is admitting something else (not a portion of that which was claimed) .');"><sup>22</sup></span>
יח סלע הלויתיך עליו ושקל היה שוה והלה אומר לא כי אלא סלע הלויתני עליו ושלשה דינרים היה שוה חייב
18 <big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>IF A MAN LENDS [MONEY] TO HIS NEIGHBOUR ON A PLEDGE, AND THE PLEDGE WAS LOST, AND HE SAID TO HIM: 'I LENT YOU A SELA' ON IT, AND IT WAS WORTH A SHEKEL,'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Two denarii, so you still owe me two denarii.');"><sup>23</sup></span> AND THE OTHER SAYS: 'NO! YOU LENT ME A SELA' ON IT, AND IT WAS WORTH A SELA',' HE IS EXEMPT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because he denies the whole; therefore he does not take an oath.');"><sup>24</sup></span>
יט סלע הלויתני עליו ושתים היה שוה והלה אומר לא כי אלא סלע הלויתיך עליו וסלע היה שוה פטור סלע הלויתני עליו ושתים היה שוה והלה אומר לא כי אלא סלע הלויתיך עליו וחמשה דינרים היה שוה חייב
19 'I LENT YOU A SELA' ON IT, AND IT WAS WORTH A SHEKEL,' AND THE OTHER SAYS: 'NO! YOU LENT ME A SELA' ON IT, AND IT WAS WORTH THREE DENARII,' HE IS LIABLE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because he admits owing one denar; and he takes an oath.');"><sup>25</sup></span> 'YOU LENT ME A SELA' ON IT, AND IT WAS WORTH TWO,'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Therefore you, the lender, have to pay me a sela'.');"><sup>26</sup></span>
כ ומי נשבע מי שהפקדון אצלו שמא ישבע זה ויוציא הלה את הפקדון:
20 AND THE OTHER SAYS: 'NO! I LENT YOU A SELA' ON IT, AND IT WAS WORTH A SELA',' HE IS EXEMPT.' YOU LENT ME A SELA' ON IT, AND IT WAS WORTH TWO,' AND THE OTHER SAYS: 'NO! I LENT YOU A SELA' ON IT, AND IT WAS WORTH FIVE DENARII,' HE IS LIABLE. AND WHO TAKES THE OATH?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' How much the pledge was worth.');"><sup>27</sup></span> HE WHO HAD THE DEPOSIT,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The lender with whom the pledge was deposited.');"><sup>28</sup></span> LEST, IF THE OTHER TAKE THE OATH, THIS ONE MAY BRING OUT THE DEPOSIT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If the borrower takes the oath, the lender (who may not have lost the deposit at all) may bring out the deposit, and show that the borrower has sworn falsely as to its value.');"><sup>29</sup></span>