Sotah 20

Chapter 20

א אלא ויקריא מלמד שהקריא אברהם אבינו לשמו של הקב"ה בפה כל עובר ושב כיצד לאחר שאכלו ושתו עמדו לברכו אמר להם וכי משלי אכלתם משל אלהי עולם אכלתם הודו ושבחו וברכו למי שאמר והיה העולם
1 but 'and he made to call', thereby teaching that our father Abraham caused the name of the Holy One, blessed be He, to be uttered by the mouth of every passer-by. How was this? After [travellers] had eaten and drunk, they stood up to bless him; but, said he to them, 'Did you eat of mine? You ate of that which belongs to the God of the Universe. Thank, praise and bless Him who spake and the world came into being'. When Judah saw her, he thought her to be an harlot; for she had covered her face.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XXXVIII, 15. ');"><sup>1</sup></span>
ב (בראשית לח, טו) ויראה יהודה ויחשבה לזונה כי כסתה פניה משום דכסתה פניה חשבה לזונה
2 Because she had covered her face he thought her to be an harlot! — R. Eleazar said: She had covered her face in her fatherin-law's house;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that Judah had never seen it and did not recognise her. ');"><sup>2</sup></span> for R. Samuel b. Nahmani said in the name of R. Jonathan: Every daughter-in-law who is modest in her father-in-law's house merits that kings and prophets should issue from her. Whence is this? From Tamar. Prophets [issued from her], as it is written: The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. I, 1. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ג א"ר אלעזר שכסתה פניה בבית חמיה דא"ר שמואל בר נחמני א"ר יונתן כל כלה שהיא צנועה בבית חמיה זוכה ויוצאין ממנה מלכים ונביאים מנלן מתמר נביאים דכתיב (ישעיהו א, א) חזון ישעיהו בן אמוץ מלכים מדוד ואמר רבי לוי דבר זה מסורת בידינו מאבותינו אמוץ ואמציה אחים הוו
3 and kings [issued from her] through David; and R. Levi has said: This is a tradition in our possession from our fathers that Amoz and Amaziah<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' King of Judah, and since he was a descendant of David and Amoz was his brother, it is true that prophets and kings issued from Tamar. ');"><sup>4</sup></span> were brothers.
ד (בראשית לח, כה) היא מוצאת היא מיתוצאת מיבעי ליה א"ר אלעזר לאחר שנמצאו סימניה בא סמאל וריחקן בא גבריאל וקירבן
4 When she was brought forth.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gen. XXXVIII, 25. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> Instead of muzeth the verb should have been mithwazzeth!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The verbal form used in the text could be translated 'was found', and the alternative suggested would have clearly indicated 'brought forth'. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ה היינו דכתיב (תהלים נו, א) למנצח על יונת אלם רחוקים לדוד מכתם א"ר יוחנן משעה שנתרחקו סימניה נעשית כיונה אילמת לדוד מכתם שיצא ממנה דוד שהיה מך ותם לכל דבר אחר מכתם שהיתה מכתו תמה שנולד כשהוא מהול דבר אחר מכתם כשם שבקטנותו הקטין עצמו אצל מי שגדול ממנו ללמוד תורה כך בגדולתו
5 R. Eleazar said: [The verb in the text implies] that after her proofs<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The signet, cord and staff. ');"><sup>7</sup></span> were found, Samael<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Angel of evil, later identified with Satan. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
ו (בראשית לח, כה) והיא שלחה אל חמיה לאמר לאיש אשר אלה לו אנכי הרה ותימא ליה מימר אמר רב זוטרא בר טוביה אמר רב ואמרי לה אמר רב חנא בר ביזנא אמר רבי שמעון חסידא ואמרי לה אמר רבי יוחנן משום ר' שמעון בן יוחי נוח לו לאדם שיפיל עצמו לתוך כבשן האש ואל ילבין פני חבירו ברבים מנלן מתמר
6 came and removed them, and Gabriel<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' One of the four Archangels. ');"><sup>9</sup></span> came and restored them. That is what is written: For the Chief Musician, the silent dove of them that are afar off. Of David, Michtam<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ps. LVI, I. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
ז (בראשית לח, כה) הכר נא א"ר חמא ברבי חנינא בהכר בישר לאביו בהכר בישרוהו בהכר בישר (בראשית לז, לב) הכר נא הכתנת בנך היא בהכר בישרוהו הכר נא למי
7 — R. Johanan said: At the time when her proofs were removed, she became like a silent dove. 'Of David', 'Michtam' — [that means] there issued from her David who was meek [mach] and perfect [<i>tam</i>] to all. Another explanation of 'Michtam' is: his wound [makkah]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the place where there should have been a wound after circumcision. ');"><sup>11</sup></span> was whole [tammah], since he was born already circumcised. Another explanation of 'Michtam' is: just as in his youth [before he became king] he made himself small in the presence of anyone greater than himself to study Torah, so was he the same in his greatness.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' After he became king, he humbled himself to study. So he was meek and perfect. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
ח נא אין נא אלא לשון בקשה אמרה ליה בבקשה ממך הכר פני בוראך ואל תעלים עיניך ממני
8 She sent to her father-in-law, saying: By the man whose these are, am I with child.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gen. XXXVIII, 25. ');"><sup>13</sup></span> She ought to have told [the messenger] plainly!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That Judah was the father of her child. Why the circumlocution? ');"><sup>14</sup></span>
ט (בראשית לח, כו) ויכר יהודה ויאמר צדקה ממני היינו דאמר רב חנין בר ביזנא א"ר שמעון חסידא יוסף שקדש ש"ש בסתר זכה והוסיפו לו אות אחת משמו של הקב"ה דכתיב (תהלים פא, ו) עדות ביהוסף שמו
9 — R. Zutra b. Tobiah said in the name of Rab — another version is, R. Hama b. Bizna said in the name of R. Simeon the Pious; and still another version is, R. Johanan said in the name of R. Simeon b. Yohai: Better for a man to cast himself into a fiery furnace rather than shame his fellow in public. Whence is this? From Tamar.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' She risked being burnt to death rather than publicly shame Judah. ');"><sup>15</sup></span> Discern, I pray thee.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. ');"><sup>16</sup></span>
י יהודה שקדש ש"ש בפרהסיא זכה ונקרא כולו על שמו של הקב"ה כיון שהודה ואמר צדקה ממני יצתה בת קול ואמרה אתה הצלת תמר ושני בניה מן האור חייך שאני מציל בזכותך ג' מבניך מן האור מאן נינהו חנניה מישאל ועזריה
10 R. Hama b. Hanina said: With the word 'discern' [Judah] made an announcement to his father, and with the word 'discern' an announcement was made to him. With the word 'discern' he made an announcement — Discern now whether it be thy son's coat or not;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XXXVII, 32. ');"><sup>17</sup></span> and with the word 'discern' an announcement was made to him — Discern, I pray thee, whose are these.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. ');"><sup>16</sup></span>
יא צדקה ממני מנא ידע יצתה בת קול ואמרה ממני יצאו כבושים
11 The word 'na' ['I pray thee'] is nothing else than an expression of request. She said to him, 'I beg of thee, discern the face of thy Creator and hide not thine eyes from me'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That is how 'Discern, I pray thee' is explained. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> And Judah acknowledged them, and said: She is more righteous than I.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XXXVIII, 26. ');"><sup>19</sup></span>
יב (בראשית לח, כו) ולא יסף עוד לדעתה אמר שמואל סבא חמוה דרב שמואל בר אמי משמיה דרב שמואל בר אמי כיון שידעה שוב לא פסק ממנה כתיב הכא ולא יסף עוד לדעתה וכתיב התם (דברים ה, יט) קול גדול ולא יסף
12 That is what R. Hanin b. Bizna said in the name of R. Simeon the Pious: Joseph who sanctified the heavenly Name in private<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When he resisted Potiphar's wife. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> merited that one letter should be added to him from the Name of the Holy One, blessed be He, as it is written: He appointed it in Joseph for a testimony.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ps. LXXXI, 6, E.V. 5. Here in the Hebrew the letter 'he', one of the letters of the Tetragrammaton, is added to Joseph's name: [H]. ');"><sup>21</sup></span>
יג אבשלום נתגאה בשערו וכו' ת"ר אבשלום בשערו מרד שנאמר (שמואל ב יד, כה) וכאבשלום לא היה איש יפה וגו' ובגלחו את ראשו (וגו') והיה מקץ ימים לימים אשר יגלח כי כבד עליו וגלחו ושקל את שער ראשו מאתים שקלים באבן המלך תנא אבן שאנשי טבריא ואנשי ציפורי שוקלים בה
13 Judah, however, who sanctified the heavenly Name in public merited that the whole of his name should be called after the Name of the Holy One, blessed be He.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The four letters of the Tetragrammaton occur in Judah's name [H]. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> When he confessed and said: She is more righteous than I, a <i>Bath Kol</i><span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Glos. ');"><sup>23</sup></span>
יד לפיכך נתלה בשערו שנאמר (שמואל ב יח, ט) ויקרא אבשלום לפני עבדי דוד ואבשלום רוכב על הפרד ויבא הפרד תחת שובך האלה הגדולה ויאחז ראשו באלה ויותן בין השמים ובין הארץ והפרד אשר תחתיו עבר [שקל ספסירא בעא למיפסקיה] תנא דבי רבי ישמעאל באותה שעה נבקע שאול מתחתיו
14 issued forth and proclaimed, 'Thou didst rescue Tamar and her two sons from the fire. By thy life, I will rescue through thy merit three of thy descendants from the fire'. Who are they? Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' See Dan. III. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> 'She is more righteous than I' — how did he know this?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since she might have cohabited with other men. ');"><sup>25</sup></span>
טו (שמואל ב יט, א) וירגז המלך ויעל על עליית השער ויבך וכה אמר בלכתו בני אבשלום בני בני [אבשלום] מי יתן מותי אני תחתיך אבשלום בני בני והמלך לאט את פניו ויזעק המלך קול גדול בני אבשלום אבשלום בני בני הני תמניא בני למה שבעה דאסקיה משבעה מדורי גיהנם ואידך איכא דאמרי דקריב רישיה לגבי גופיה ואיכא דאמרי דאייתיה לעלמא דאתי
15 A <i>Bath Kol</i> issued forth and proclaimed, 'From Me came forth secrets.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Mak. 23b. ');"><sup>26</sup></span> And he knew her again no more.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gen. XXXVIII, 26. ');"><sup>27</sup></span>
טז (שמואל ב יח, יח) ואבשלום לקח ויצב לו בחייו מאי לקח אמר ריש לקיש שלקח מקח רע לעצמו את מצבת אשר בעמק המלך וגו' א"ר חנינא בר פפא בעצה עמוקה של מלכו של עולם
16 Samuel the elder, father-in-law of R. Samuel b. Ammi said in the name of R. Samuel b. Ammi: Having once known her,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That she was righteous. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> he did not separate from her again. It is written here, 'And he knew her again no more [Yasaf], and elsewhere it is written: With a great voice increasing [Yasaf].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. V, 19. The two verbs are really distinct, but the Rabbi connected them both with the root [H] and accordingly explained the phrase in Gen. as 'and he knew her again without ceasing', v. Sanh. 17a. ');"><sup>29</sup></span> ABSALOM GLORIED IN HIS HAIR etc. Our Rabbis have taught: Absalom rebelled [against his father] through his hair, as it is said: There was none to be so much praised as Absalom for his beauty&nbsp;… And when he polled his head, now it was at every year's end that he polled it because the hair was heavy on him therefore he polled it, he weighed the hair of his head at two hundred <i>shekels</i>, after the king's weight.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Sam. XIV, 25f. ');"><sup>30</sup></span> It has been taught that [the king's weight] was the weight with which the men of Tiberias and Sepphoris weigh. Therefore he was hanged by his hair, as it is said: And Absalom chanced to meet the servants of David. And Absalom rode upon his mule, and the mule went under the thick boughs of a great oak, and his head caught hold of the oak, and he was taken up between the heaven and the earth; and the mule that was under him went on.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Sam. XVIII. 9. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> He took a sword and wished to cut himself loose;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The first half of this sentence is omitted in some edd. ');"><sup>32</sup></span> but it was taught in the School of R. Ishmael, At that moment Sheol was split asunder beneath him.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that had he cut through his hair he would have fallen into Sheol. ');"><sup>33</sup></span> And the king was much moved, and went up to the chamber over the gate, and wept; and as he went, thus he said: O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom! would God I had died for thee, O Absalom, my son, my son.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XIX, 1. E.V. XVIII, 33. ');"><sup>34</sup></span> And the king covered his face, and the king cried with a loud voice, O my son Absalom, O Absalom my son, my son.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 5, E.V. 4. ');"><sup>35</sup></span> Why is 'my son' repeated eight times? Seven to raise him from the seven divisions of Gehinnom; and as for the last, some say to unite his [severed] head to his body and others say to bring him into the World to Come. Now Absalom in his lifetime had taken and reared up.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XVIII, 18. ');"><sup>36</sup></span> What means 'had taken'? — Resh Lakish said: He had made a bad purchase for himself.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The verb signifies both took and purchased. The meaning appears to be that his conduct resulted in his having to buy a monument to preserve his memory instead of his succeeding his father; hence it was a bad bargain for him. ');"><sup>37</sup></span> The pillar which is in the king's dale, etc. — R. Hanina b. Papa said: In the deep plan of the King of the Universe;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The word 'dale' means 'deep', and 'king' is applied to God Who had decided that this should happen as a punishment for his sin with Bathsheba. ');"><sup>38</sup></span>