Sotah 92

Chapter 92

א (במדבר כד, כא) איתן מושבך ושים בסלע קנך ואומר (מיכה ו, ב) שמעו הרים את ריב ה' והאיתנים מוסדי ארץ אחרים אומרים מנין לאיתן שהוא ישן שנאמר (ירמיהו ה, טו) גוי איתן הוא גוי מעולם הוא
1 Strong [ethan] is thy dwelling-place, and thy nest is set in the rock;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Num. XXIV, 21. ');"><sup>1</sup></span> and it states: Hear, O ye mountains, the Lord's controversy, and ye enduring foundations [ethanim] of the earth.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Micah VI, 2. 'Foundations', being parallel to 'mountains', has a similar meaning. ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ב ועורפין אותה בקופיץ מאחוריה מ"ט גמר עריפה עריפה מחטאת העוף
2 Others, however, say: Whence is it that 'ethan' means 'old'? As it is stated: It is an ethan nation, it is an ancient nation.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Jer. V, 15. The true meaning here is 'enduring', but the word is taken as defined by what follows. ');"><sup>3</sup></span> THEY THEN BREAK ITS NECK WITH A HATCHET FROM BEHIND. What is the reason [that it is done from behind]? — He derives it by the analogous word 'breaking' [stated] in the case of a bird brought as a sin-offering.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. Lev. V, 8 where the Hebrew is 'from the back of the neck'. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ג ומקומה אסור מלזרוע ומליעבד ת"ר (דברים כא, ד) אשר לא יעבד בו ולא יזרע לשעבר דברי רבי יאשיה רבי יונתן אומר להבא
3 THE SITE MAY NEVER BE SOWN OR TILLED. Our Rabbis taught: Which is neither plowed nor sown<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XXI, 4. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> — this refers to the past; such is the statement of R. Joshiah. R. Jonathan says: It refers to the future. Raba said: Nobody disputes as to the future since it is written: It shall not be sown;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So the Hebrew literally. They all agree that the site may not be sown or tilled after the ceremony has taken place there. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ד רבא אמר להבא דכ"ע לא פליגי דכתיב ולא יזרע כי פליגי לשעבר רבי יאשיה סבר מי כתיב ולא יעובד ורבי יונתן מי כתיב אשר לא נעבד ורבי יאשיה אשר לשעבר משמע ור' יונתן אשר רבויא הוא
4 when they differ as to the past, R. Joshiah argues, Is it written: 'And it shall not be tilled'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since the text has not this form, it must refer to the past. ');"><sup>7</sup></span> And R. Jonathan argues, Is it written: 'Which has not been tilled'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Consequently it can only refer to the future. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
ה ומותר לסרוק שם פשתן ולנקר שם אבנים ת"ר אשר לא יעבד בו ולא יזרע אין לי אלא זריעה שאר עבודות מנין תלמוד לומר אשר לא יעבד בו מכל מקום
5 And [how does] R. Joshiah [meet R. Jonathan's argument]? — The relative pronoun 'which' must be understood of the past.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since it would not be used if a command were implied, and the Torah would have stated: 'it shall not be tilled'. ');"><sup>9</sup></span> And R. Jonathan? — 'Which' is employed in an inclusive sense.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To include all kinds of agricultural work, as explained below. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
ו אם כן מה ת"ל ולא יזרע לומר לך מה זריעה מיוחדת שהיא בגופה של קרקע אף כל שהיא בגופה של קרקע יצא סריקת פשתן וניקור אבנים שאינן בגופה של קרקע
6 BUT IT IS PERMITTED TO CARD FLAX AND CHISEL STONES THERE. Our Rabbis taught: 'Which is neither plowed nor sown' — I have here only sowing; whence is it that the other kinds of agricultural work [are prohibited]? There is a text to state, 'which is neither plowed' — i.e., [agricultural labour] in any form. If that is so, why is it stated 'nor sown'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since sowing is included in agricultural labour. ');"><sup>11</sup></span> Its purpose is to inform us that as sowing is special since it is connected with the soil itself, so everything which is connected with the soil itself [is forbidden], to the exclusion of carding flax and chiselling stones which are not connected with the soil itself. But argue that 'which is neither plowed' is general and 'nor sown' particular, and where there is a case of general and particular, only what is in the particular is in the general — viz. sowing only [is forbidden] but nothing else! — The term 'which' is employed in an inclusive sense.
ז ואימא אשר לא יעבד בו כלל ולא יזרע פרט כלל ופרט אין בכלל אלא מה שבפרט זריעה אין מידי אחרינא לא אשר רבויא הוא
7 THE ELDERS OF THAT CITY THEN WASH THEIR HANDS etc. Our Rabbis taught: And all the elders of that city, who are nearest unto the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XXI, 6. ');"><sup>12</sup></span> There was no need to state, 'whose neck was broken'!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The words seem redundant. ');"><sup>13</sup></span>
ח זקני העיר רוחצין ידיהן כו' ת"ר (דברים כא, ו) וכל זקני העיר ההיא הקרובים אל החלל ירחצו את ידיהם על העגלה הערופה בנחל שאין ת"ל הערופה ומה ת"ל הערופה על מקום עריפתה של עגלה
8 Why, then, is 'whose neck was broken' added? [It signifies], Over the place of the heifer's neck where it was broken. They then declare, 'Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it'. But can it enter our minds that [the members of a] Court of Justice shed blood! [The meaning of their statement is], however, [The man found dead] did not come to us for help and we dismissed him without supplying him with food, we did not see him and let him go without an escort. It has been taught: R. Meir used to say: We may compel a person to escort [a traveller],<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Or the court compels a town to provide escorts for travellers.] ');"><sup>14</sup></span>
ט ואמרו ידינו לא שפכו את הדם הזה ועינינו לא ראו וכי על לבנו עלתה שב"ד שופכין דמים אלא לא בא לידינו ופטרנוהו בלא מזונות ולא ראינוהו והנחנוהו בלא לויה
9 because the reward for escorting is limitless; as it is said: And the watchers saw a man come forth out of the city, and they said unto him, Shew us, we pray thee, the entrance into the city, and we will deal kindly with thee.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Judg. I, 24. ');"><sup>15</sup></span> It continues, And he shewed them the entrance into the city.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 25. ');"><sup>16</sup></span>
י תניא היה ר"מ אומר כופין ללויה ששכר הלויה אין לה שיעור שנאמר (שופטים א, כד) ויראו השומרים איש יוצא מן העיר ויאמרו לו הראנו נא את מבוא העיר ועשינו עמך חסד וכתיב ויראם את מבוא העיר ומה חסד עשו עמו שכל אותה העיר הרגו לפי חרב ואותו האיש ומשפחתו שלחו
10 What was the kindness they did to him? They slew the whole of the city at the edge of the sword, but let that man and his family go. And the man went into the land of the Hittites, and built a city, and called the name thereof Luz: which is the name thereof unto this day.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 26. ');"><sup>17</sup></span>
יא (שופטים א, כו) וילך האיש ארץ החתים ויבן עיר ויקרא שמה לוז היא שמה עד היום הזה תניא היא לוז שצובעין בה תכלת היא לוז שבא סנחריב ולא בלבלה נבוכדנצר ולא החריבה ואף מלאך המות אין לו רשות לעבור בה אלא זקנים שבה בזמן שדעתן קצה עליהן יוצאין חוץ לחומה והן מתים
11 It has been taught: That is the Luz in which they dye the blue;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For the fringes (Num. XV, 38). The purpose of this statement and what follows is to illustrate the words 'which is the name thereof unto this day', showing that the city survived destruction and still exists. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> that is the Luz against which Sennacherib marched without disturbing it,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By not plundering it and exiling the inhabitants. ');"><sup>19</sup></span>
יב והלא דברים ק"ו ומה כנעני זה שלא דיבר בפיו ולא הלך ברגליו גרם הצלה לו ולזרעו עד סוף כל הדורות מי שעושה לויה ברגליו על אחת כמה וכמה
12 against which Nebuchadnezzar marched without destroying it, and even the Angel of Death has no permission to pass through it, but when the old men there become tired of life<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'their mind becomes loathsome to them'. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> they go outside the wall and then die. For is not the matter<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That the reward for escorting is limitless. ');"><sup>21</sup></span>
יג במה הראה להם חזקיה אמר בפיו עקם להם ר' יוחנן אמר באצבעו הראה להם תניא כוותיה דר' יוחנן בשביל שכנעני זה הראה באצבעו גרם הצלה לו ולזרעו עד סוף כל הדורות
13 an <i>a fortiori</i> inference? If this Canaanite, who did not utter a word or walk a step,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' It merely states 'he showed them'. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> caused deliverance to come to himself and his seed unto the end of all generations, how much more so he who performs the act of escorting by actually going with the person! How did he show them [the way]? — Hezekiah said: He just curved his mouth for them;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., he made inarticulate sounds. ');"><sup>23</sup></span>
יד אמר רבי יהושע בן לוי המהלך בדרך ואין לו לויה יעסוק בתורה שנאמר (משלי א, ט) כי לוית חן הם לראשך וענקים לגרגרותיך ואמר ר' יהושע בן לוי בשביל ארבעה פסיעות שלוה פרעה לאברהם שנאמר (בראשית יב, כ) ויצו עליו פרעה אנשים וגו' נשתעבד בבניו ארבע מאות שנה שנאמר (בראשית טו, יג) ועבדום וענו אותם ארבע מאות שנה אמר רב יהודה אמר רב כל המלוה את חבירו ארבע אמות בעיר אינו ניזוק רבינא אלויה לרבא בר יצחק ד' אמות בעיר מטא לידיה היזיקא ואיתציל
14 R. Johanan said: He pointed for them with his finger. There is a teaching in agreement with R. Johanan, viz., Because this Canaanite pointed with his finger, he caused deliverance to come to himself and his seed unto the end of all generations. R. Joshua b. Levi said: Whoever is on a journey and has no escort should occupy [his mind] with Torah;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As a means of protection. ');"><sup>24</sup></span>
טו ת"ר הרב לתלמיד עד עיבורה של עיר חבר לחבר עד תחום שבת תלמיד לרב אין לו שיעור וכמה א"ר ששת עד פרסה ולא אמרן אלא רבו שאינו מובהק אבל רבו מובהק שלשה פרסאות
15 as it is said: For they shall be a chaplet of grace unto thy head, and chains about thy neck.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Prov. I, 9. The Hebrew word for chaplet is the same as for 'escort'. ');"><sup>25</sup></span> R. Joshua b. Levi also said: Because of the four paces with which Pharaoh accompanied Abraham, as it is said: And Pharaoh gave men charge concerning him etc.,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gen. XII, 20. ');"><sup>26</sup></span>
טז רב כהנא אלויה לרב שימי בר אשי מפום נהרא עד בי ציניתא דבבל כי מטו התם אמר ליה ודאי דאמריתו הני ציניתא דבבל משני אדם הראשון איתנהו
16 he [was allowed to] enslave the latter's descendants for four hundred years, as it is said: And shall serve them, and they shall afflict them four hundred years.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XV, 13. ');"><sup>27</sup></span> Rab Judah said in the name of Rab: Whoever accompanies his neighbour four cubits in a city will come to no harm [when on a journey]. Rabina accompanied Raba b. Isaac four cubits in a city; danger threatened him but he was saved.
יז א"ל אדכרתן מלתא דאמר רבי יוסי בר' חנינא מאי דכתיב (ירמיהו ב, ו) בארץ לא עבר בה איש ולא ישב אדם שם וכי מאחר שלא עבר היכן ישב (ומאחר שלא ישב היכן עבר) אלא ארץ שגזר עליה אדם הראשון לישוב נתישבה ארץ שלא גזר עליה אדם הראשון לא נתישבה
17 Our Rabbis taught: A teacher [accompanies] his pupils until the outskirts<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [I.e., seventy cubits and two thirds beyond the outer range of the houses of the city. V. Ned. 56a.] ');"><sup>28</sup></span> of a city; one colleague [accompanies] another up to the Sabbath-limit;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 136, n. 7. ');"><sup>29</sup></span>
יח רב מרדכי אלויה לרב אשי מהגרוניא ועד בי כיפי ואמרי לה עד בי דורא
18 a pupil [accompanies] his master a distance without limit.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [It is one of those deeds of kindliness to the performance of which no maximum is set; v. next note.] ');"><sup>30</sup></span> But how far?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [I.e., what minimum distance must he accompany his teacher?] ');"><sup>31</sup></span>
יט אמר רבי יוחנן משום רבי מאיר כל שאינו מלוה ומתלוה כאילו שופך דמים שאילמלי ליווהו אנשי יריחו לאלישע לא גירה דובים לתינוקות שנאמר (מלכים ב ב, כג) ויעל משם בית אל והוא עלה בדרך ונערים קטנים יצאו מן העיר ויתקלסו בו ויאמרו לו עלה קרח עלה קרח
19 — R. Shesheth said: Up to a <i>parasang</i>. This only applies when his master is not a distinguished scholar; but should his master be a distinguished scholar [he accompanies him] three parasangs. R. Kahana once accompanied R. Shimi b. Ashi from Pum-Nahara to Be-Zinyatha.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Lit., 'Among the Palms', the former was near the Tigris, the latter was the district of the old city of Babylon, to which Sura belonged and which was rich in palms; cf. Sanh. 96b (Obermeyer, op. cit. p. 295).] ');"><sup>32</sup></span>
כ אמרו לו עלה שהקרחת עלינו את המקום מאי ונערים קטנים אמר ר' אלעזר שמנוערים מן המצות קטנים שהיו מקטני אמנה תנא נערים היו ובזבזו עצמן כקטנים
20 When they arrived there, he said to him, 'Is it true what you say, that these palms of Babylon are from the time of Adam?' He answered: 'You have reminded me of something which R. Jose b. Hanina said, viz., What means that which is written: Through a land that no man passed through, and where no man dwelt?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Jer. II, 6. ');"><sup>33</sup></span> Since no man passed through it, how could anyone dwell there, and since nobody dwelt there how could anyone pass through it! But [the meaning is], A land concerning which Adam decreed that it should be inhabited has become inhabited, and a land concerning which Adam did not so decree has not been inhabited'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Accordingly Adam must have decreed that those palms should grow there. ');"><sup>34</sup></span>
כא מתקיף לה רב יוסף ודלמא על שם מקומן מי לא כתיב (מלכים ב ה, ב) וארם יצאו גדודים וישבו מארץ ישראל נערה קטנה וקשיא לן נערה וקטנה ואמר ר' פדת קטנה דמן נעורן התם לא מפרש מקומה הכא מפורש מקומן
21 R. Mordecai accompanied R. Ashi from Hagronia<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Outside Nehardea. ');"><sup>35</sup></span> to Be-Kafi;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Be Kufai. A village four parasangs west of Bagdad, v. Obermeyer, op. cit. p. 267.] ');"><sup>36</sup></span>
כב (מלכים ב ב, כד) ויפן אחריו ויראם ויקללם בשם ה' מה ראה אמר רב ראה ממש כדתניא רבן שמעון בן גמליאל אומר כל מקום שנתנו חכמים עיניהם או מיתה או עוני ושמואל אמר ראה שכולן נתעברה בהן אמן ביום הכיפורים
22 another version is to Be-Dura.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Be-Duraja, S.W. of Bagdad. This would be about two hours beyond Be Kafi; (Obermeyer, op. cit., p. 268)]. This is cited to show how far a disciple escorted his teacher. ');"><sup>37</sup></span> R. Johanan said in the name of R. Meir: Whoever does not escort others or allow himself to be escorted is as though he sheds blood; for had the men of Jericho escorted Elisha he would not have stirred up bears against the children, as it is said: And he went up from thence unto Bethel; and as he was going up by the way, there came forth little children out of the city, and mocked him, and said unto him, Go up, thou bald head; go up, thou bald head.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Kings II, 23. 'He went up' implies that he was unaccompanied. ');"><sup>38</sup></span>
כג ורבי יצחק נפחא אמר בלורית ראה להן כאמוריים ורבי יוחנן אמר ראה שלא היתה בהן לחלוחית של מצוה ודלמא בזרעייהו ניהוה הוה אמר רבי אלעזר לא בם ולא בזרעם עד סוף כל הדורות
23 What they said to him was, 'Go up, thou who hast made this place bald for us!'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' He had sweetened the waters in that place (ibid. 19ff.) and so had caused loss to the people of the vicinity who had profited by selling drinkable water. Hence the ill-feeling against him. ');"><sup>39</sup></span> What means 'little children'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'Little' appears to be superfluous. ');"><sup>40</sup></span>
כד (מלכים ב ב, כד) ותצאנה שתים דובים מן היער ותבקענה מהם ארבעים ושני ילדים
24 — R. Eleazar said: Ne'arim [children] means they were bare [menu'arim] of precepts; 'little' means they were little of faith.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because they worried about their livelihood since they could no longer sell water. ');"><sup>41</sup></span> A Tanna taught: They were youths [ne'arim] but they behaved like little children. R. Joseph demurred to this: But perhaps they were so called after the name of the place; for is it not written: And the Syrians had gone out in bands, and had brought away captive out of the land of Israel a little maid,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. V, 2. ');"><sup>42</sup></span> and the question is asked by us a maid [na'arah] and little?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Na'arah implies that she was young (v. Glos.). ');"><sup>43</sup></span> And R. Pedath explained: She was a little girl from a place called Ne'uran!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Therefore it is suggested that in the other verse ne'arim means 'men of Ne'uran'. In Josh. XVI, 7 there is a town called Naarath. ');"><sup>44</sup></span> — In this passage her place is not specified,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' It is merely stated 'out of the land of Israel', so Na'arah could possibly indicate a place name. ');"><sup>45</sup></span> but in the other their place is specified.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' We gather from the context that the children belonged to Jericho. ');"><sup>46</sup></span> And he looked behind him and saw them, and cursed them in the name of the Lord.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Kings II, 24. ');"><sup>47</sup></span> What did he see? — Rab said: He actually looked upon them, as it has been taught: Rabban Simeon b. Gamaliel says: Wherever the Sages set their eyes there is either death or calamity.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' It was believed that the Rabbis were endowed with this power and the Talmud relates several anecdotes on the subject. ');"><sup>48</sup></span> Samuel said: He saw that their mothers had all become conceived with them on the Day of Atonement.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When cohabitation is forbidden. ');"><sup>49</sup></span> R. Isaac the smith said: He saw that their hair was plaited as with Amorites.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'he saw they had a belorith'. They aped heathen manners. On belorith v. Sanh. (Sonc. ed.) p. 114. n. 5. ');"><sup>50</sup></span> R. Johanan said: He saw that there was no sap of the commandments in them. But perhaps there would have been such in their descendants!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So why should they have perished on that account? ');"><sup>51</sup></span> — R. Eleazar said: Neither in them nor in their descendants unto the end of all generations. And there came forth two she-bears out of the wood, and tore forty and two children of them.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' II Kings II, 24. ');"><sup>52</sup></span>