Sotah 98

Chapter 98

א אזלא ודלדלה ואין שואל ואין מבקש על מי יש להשען על אבינו שבשמים
1 BECAME MORE AND MORE DEBASED; AND THERE WAS NONE TO ASK, NONE TO INQUIRE. UPON WHOM IS IT FOR US TO RELY? UPON OUR FATHER WHO IS IN HEAVEN. IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE MESSIAH<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Just before his advent. ');"><sup>1</sup></span> INSOLENCE WILL INCREASE AND HONOUR DWINDLE;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Jast. renders; the nobility shall be oppressed. In Sanh. 97a there is a variant: honour will be perverted; or, according to Jast. the nobility will pervert (justice). ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ב בעקבות משיחא חוצפא יסגא ויוקר יאמיר הגפן תתן פריה והיין ביוקר ומלכות תהפך למינות ואין תוכחת בית וועד יהיה לזנות והגליל יחרב והגבלן ישום ואנשי הגבול יסובבו מעיר לעיר ולא יחוננו
2 THE VINE WILL YIELD ITS FRUIT [ABUNDANTLY] BUT WINE WILL BE DEAR;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Through the spread of drunkenness. ');"><sup>3</sup></span> THE GOVERNMENT WILL TURN TO HERESY<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' These words are omitted in the Talmud ed. of the Mishnah. The meaning is: The Roman Empire will go over to Christianity. V. Herford, op. cit., p. 207. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ג וחכמות סופרים תסרח ויראי חטא ימאסו והאמת תהא נעדרת נערים פני זקנים ילבינו זקנים יעמדו מפני קטנים בן מנוול אב בת קמה באמה כלה בחמותה אויבי איש אנשי ביתו פני הדור כפני הכלב הבן אינו מתבייש מאביו ועל מה יש לנו להשען על אבינו שבשמים
3 AND THERE WILL BE NONE [TO OFFER THEM] REPROOF; THE MEETING-PLACE [OF SCHOLARS] WILL BE USED FOR IMMORALITY; GALILEE WILL BE DESTROYED, GABLAN<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Perhaps Gebal of Ps. LXXXIII, 8, i.e., the Northern part of Mount Seir. [Others: Gaulan, E. of the Sea of Galilee and the Upper Jordan.] ');"><sup>5</sup></span> DESOLATED, AND THE DWELLERS ON THE FRONTIER WILL GO ABOUT [BEGGING] FROM PLACE TO PLACE WITHOUT ANYONE TO TAKE PITY ON THEM; THE WISDOM OF THE LEARNED<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'scribes'. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ד <big><strong>(גמ׳)</strong></big> אמר רב לא שנו אלא של מלח וגפרית אבל של הדס ושל וורד מותר ושמואל אומר אף של הדס ושל וורד אסור של קנים ושל חילת מותר ולוי אמר אף של קנים ושל חילת אסור וכן תני לוי במתניתיה אף של קנים ושל חילת אסור
4 WILL DEGENERATE, FEARERS OF SIN WILL BE DESPISED, AND THE TRUTH WILL BE LACKING; YOUTHS WILL PUT OLD MEN TO SHAME, THE OLD WILL STAND UP IN THE PRESENCE OF THE YOUNG, A SON WILL REVILE HIS FATHER, A DAUGHTER WILL RISE AGAINST HER MOTHER, A DAUGHTER-IN-LAW AGAINST HER MOTHER-IN-LAW, AND A MAN'S ENEMIES WILL BE THE MEMBERS OF HIS HOUSEHOLD;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Micah VII, 6. ');"><sup>7</sup></span> THE FACE OF THE GENERATION WILL BE LIKE THE FACE OF A DOG,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Impervious to shame. [In some editions the whole of this passage beginning 'R. Phineas b. Jair' is introduced with 'Our Rabbis taught', and not as part of the Mishnah.] ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
ה ועל האירוס מאי אירוס א"ר אלעזר טבלא דחד פומא רבה בר רב הונא עבד ליה לבריה טנבורא אתא אבוה תבריה אמר ליה מיחלף בטבלא דחד פומא זיל עביד ליה אפומא דחצבא או אפומא דקפיזא
5 A SON WILL NOT FEEL ASHAMED BEFORE HIS FATHER. SO UPON WHOM IS IT FOR US TO RELY? UPON OUR FATHER WHO IS IN HEAVEN. <b><i>GEMARA</i></b>. Rab said: [The decree against the use of a crown] applies only to one made of salt and brimstone,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Rashi explains that it was a crown cut out of a block of salt upon which figures were traced with brimstone. ');"><sup>9</sup></span>
ו בפולמוס של טיטוס גזרו על עטרות כלות וכו' מאי עטרות כלות אמר רבה בר בר חנה אמר ר' יוחנן עיר של זהב תניא נמי הכי איזהו עטרות כלות עיר של זהב אבל עושה אותה כיפה של מילת
6 but if made of myrtle or roses it is permitted; and Samuel said: Also one made of myrtle or roses is prohibited, but if made of reeds or rushes it is permitted; and Levi said: Also one made of reeds or rushes is prohibited. Similarly taught Levi in his Mishnah:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' His own collection of traditional teachings. ');"><sup>10</sup></span> It is also prohibited if made of reeds or rushes.
ז תנא אף על חופת חתנים גזרו מאי חופת חתנים זהורית המוזהבות תניא נמי הכי אלו הן חופת חתנים זהורית המוזהבות אבל עושה פפירית ותולה בה כל מה שירצה
7 AND AGAINST [THE USE OF] THE DRUM [IRUS]. What means IRUS? — R. Eleazar said: A drum with a single bell.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'mouth'. ');"><sup>11</sup></span> Rabbah b. R. Huna made a tambourine for his son; his father came and broke it, saying to him, 'It might be substituted for a drum with a single bell. Go, make for him [an instrument by stretching the skin] over the mouth of a pitcher or over the mouth of a kefiz'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A vessel of the capacity of three log. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
ח ושלא ילמד את בנו יוונית ת"ר כשצרו מלכי בית חשמונאי זה על זה היה הורקנוס מבחוץ ואריסטובלוס מבפנים בכל יום ויום היו משלשלין דינרים בקופה ומעלין להן תמידים
8 DURING THE WAR OF QUIETUS THEY DECREED AGAINST [THE USE OF] CROWNS WORN BY BRIDES etc. What means 'crowns worn by brides'? — Rabbah b. Bar Hanah said in the name of R. Johanan: A [miniature] golden city.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' According to Shab. 59a a golden crown designed in the form of Jerusalem. V. Krauss. Tal. Arch., I, p. 662 n. 961. ');"><sup>13</sup></span> There is a teaching to the same effect: What are 'crowns worn by brides'? — A golden city. But one may make a cap for her out of fine wool. A Tanna taught: They also decreed against [the use of] the canopy of bridegrooms. What means 'canopy of bridegrooms'? — Crimson silk embroidered with gold. There is a teaching to the same effect. The canopy of bridegrooms is crimson silk embroidered with gold. But we may make a framework of laths and hang on it anything one desires.
ט היה שם זקן אחד שהיה מכיר בחכמת יוונית לעז להם בחכמת יוונית אמר להן כל זמן שעוסקים בעבודה אין נמסרין בידכם למחר שלשלו להם דינרים בקופה והעלו להם חזיר כיון שהגיע לחצי חומה נעץ צפרניו נזדעזעה א"י ארבע מאות פרסה
9 AND THAT NOBODY SHOULD TEACH HIS SON GREEK. Our Rabbis taught: When the kings of the Hasmonean house fought one another,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The allusion is to the struggle between the two sons of Alexander Jannaeus, Hyrcanus had the assistance of the Romans who besieged Jerusalem. ');"><sup>14</sup></span> Hyrcanus was outside and Aristobulus within. Each day<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' According to Josephus Ant. XIV, II, 2, this demand for animals was for the Passover only. ');"><sup>15</sup></span>
י אותה שעה אמרו ארור אדם שיגדל חזירים וארור אדם שילמד לבנו חכמת יוונית ועל אותה שנה שנינו מעשה ובא עומר מגגות צריפים ושתי הלחם מבקעת עין סוכר
10 they used to let down <i>denarii</i> in a basket, and haul up for them [animals for] the continual offerings. An old man there, who was learned in Greek wisdom,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Sophistry, v, Graetz, Geschichte. III, 710ff.] ');"><sup>16</sup></span> spoke with them<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' He was in Jerusalem and addressed his words to the besiegers. He spoke in Greek because the people in the city did not understand it. ');"><sup>17</sup></span>
יא איני והאמר רבי בא"י לשון סורסי למה אלא אי לשון הקודש אי לשון יוונית ואמר רב יוסף בבבל לשון ארמי למה אלא או לשון הקודש או לשון פרסי
11 in Greek,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'in great wisdom'. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> saying: 'As long as they carry on the Temple-service, they will never surrender to you'. On the morrow they let down <i>denarii</i> in a basket, and hauled up a pig.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In Josephus' version, they took the money but sent up no animals. So the men in Jerusalem 'prayed to God that He would avenge them on their countrymen. Nor did He delay that punishment, but sent a strong and vehement storm of wind that destroyed the fruits of the whole country.' ');"><sup>19</sup></span>
יב לשון יוונית לחוד וחכמת יוונית לחוד
12 When it reached half way up the wall, it stuck its claws [into the wall] and the land of Israel was shaken over a distance of four hundred parasangs. At that time they declared, — 'Cursed be a man who rears pigs and cursed be a man who teaches his son Greek wisdom!' Concerning that year we learnt that it happened that the <i>'omer</i><span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The sheaf of the first fruits and the meal-offering of two tenth parts of an ephah (Lev. XXIII, 10, 13) should consist of produce grown in the vicinity of Jerusalem. But that year the surroundings were devastated and the produce had to be brought from distant places. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> had to be supplied from the gardens of Zarifim and the two loaves from the valley of En-Soker.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For further notes on this passage v. B.K. (Sonc. ed.) pp. 469ff. ');"><sup>21</sup></span>
יג וחכמת יוונית מי אסירא והאמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל משום רשב"ג מאי דכתיב (איכה ג, נא) עיני עוללה לנפשי מכל בנות עירי אלף ילדים היו בבית אבא חמש מאות למדו תורה וחמש מאות למדו חכמת יוונית ולא נשתייר מהן אלא אני כאן ובן אחי אבא בעסיא
13 But it is not so!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That it is forbidden to teach Greek. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> For Rabbi said: Why use the Syrian language in the land of Israel? Either use the holy tongue or Greek! And R. Joseph said: Why use the Syrian language in Babylon? Either use the holy tongue or Persian! — The Greek language and Greek wisdom are distinct.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The language is permitted but not the wisdom, ');"><sup>23</sup></span>
יד שאני של בית ר"ג דקרובין למלכות הוו דתניא מספר קומי הרי זה מדרכי האמורי אבטולוס בן ראובן התירו לספר קומי שהוא קרוב למלכות של בית רבן גמליאל התירו להן חכמה יוונית מפני שקרובין למלכות
14 But is Greek philosophy forbidden? Behold Rab Judah declared that Samuel said in the name of Rabban Simeon b. Gamaliel, What means that which is written: Mine eye affecteth my soul, because of all the daughters of my city?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lam. III. 51. ');"><sup>24</sup></span> There were a thousand pupils in my father's house; five hundred studied Torah and five hundred studied Greek wisdom, and of these there remained only I here and the son of my father's brother in Assia!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So Greek wisdom was studied by Rabban Gamaliel's pupils. Assia was a town east of the lake of Tiberias, v. Sanh. (Sonc. ed.) p. 151, n, 1. ');"><sup>25</sup></span>
טו בפולמוס האחרון גזרו שלא תצא כלה באפריון וכו' מ"ט משום צניעותא
15 — It was different with the household of Rabban Gamaliel because they had close associations with the Government;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' An exception was made in their case. ');"><sup>26</sup></span> for it has been taught: To trim the hair in front<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Forming a fringe on the forehead and letting the curls hang down over the temples. V. Krauss, op. cit., I. p, 647 n. 845. ');"><sup>27</sup></span>
טז משמת רבן יוחנן בטלה החכמה ת"ר משמת רבי אליעזר נגנז ס"ת משמת רבי יהושע בטלה עצה ומחשבה משמת ר"ע בטלו זרועי תורה ונסתתמו מעיינות החכמה
16 is of the ways of the Amorites;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A heathenish practice which is forbidden. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> but they permitted Abtilus b. Reuben<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Nothing more is recorded of him in Rabbinic literature. ');"><sup>29</sup></span>
יז משמת רבי אלעזר בן עזריה בטלו עטרות חכמה (משלי יד, כד) שעטרת חכמים עשרם משמת רבי חנינא בן דוסא בטלו אנשי מעשה משמת אבא יוסי בן קטונתא בטלו חסידים ולמה נקרא שמו אבא יוסי בן קטונתא שהיה מקטני חסידים
17 to trim his hair in front because he had close associations with the Government. Similarly they permitted the household of Rabban Gamaliel to study Greek wisdom because they had close associations with the Government. DURING THE FINAL WAR THEY DECREED THAT A BRIDE SHOULD NOT GO OUT IN A PALANQUIN etc. Why? — For reasons of chastity.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' There was danger of her being attacked. ');"><sup>30</sup></span>
יח משמת בן עזאי בטלו השקדנין משמת בן זומא בטלו הדרשנין משמת רשב"ג עלה גובאי ורבו צרות משמת רבי הוכפלו צרות
18 WHEN RABBAN JOHANAN [B. ZAKKAI] DIED, [THE LUSTRE OF] WISDOM CEASED. Our Rabbis taught: When R. Eliezer died, the Torah-scroll was hidden away.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A tribute to his great learning. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> When R. Joshua died, counsel and thought ceased.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' He was a protagonist of Judaism against heathen attacks. V. Hag. 5b. ');"><sup>32</sup></span>
יט משמת רבי בטלה ענוה ויראת חטא אמר ליה רב יוסף לתנא לא תיתני ענוה דאיכא אנא אמר ליה רב נחמן לתנא לא תיתני יראת חטא דאיכא אנא
19 When R. Akiba died, the arms of the Torah ceased and the fountains of wisdom were stopped up. When R. Eleazar b. Azariah died, the crowns of wisdom ceased, because the crown of the wise is their riches.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Prov. XIV, 24. He was extremely wealthy. V. Shab. 54b. ');"><sup>33</sup></span> When R. Hanina b. Dosa died, men of deed ceased. When Abba<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Abba, 'father', was a title of affection given to a number of Rabbis. ');"><sup>34</sup></span>
כ <br><br><big><strong>הדרן עלך ערופה וסליקא לן מסכת סוטה</strong></big><br><br>
20 Jose b. Ketanta died, the pious men ceased; and why was his name called Abba Jose b. Ketanta? Because he was the youngest of the pious men. When Ben Azzai died, the assiduous students [of Torah] ceased. When Ben Zoma died, the expositors ceased. When Rabban Simeon b. Gamaliel died, locusts<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Some understand this literally; others see a reference to exacting tax-gatherers who despoiled the people. [The reference is said to be to R. Simeon II b. Gamaliel II, (the father of Rabbi) and to the plague of locusts and pestilence that broke out in the year 164 C.E. — about the time of his death. V. Kerem Chemed IV, p. 220.] ');"><sup>35</sup></span> came up and troubles increased. When Rabbi died, troubles were multiplied twofold. WHEN RABBI DIED, HUMILITY AND FEAR OF SIN CEASED. R. Joseph said to the tanna,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who conveyed his teaching to the students, v. Glos. s.v. (b). ');"><sup>36</sup></span> Do not include [when reciting this Mishnah] the word 'humility', because there is I.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' He claimed to be humble, [V. Hor. (Sonc. ed.) p. 105.] ');"><sup>37</sup></span> R. Nahman said to the teacher, Do not include 'fear of sin', because there is I.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [In the separate printed editions of the Mishnah there follows: R. PHINEAS B. JAIR USED TO SAY: HEEDFULNESS LEADS TO CLEANLINESS; CLEANLINESS LEADS TO PURITY; PURITY LEADS TO ABSTINENCE; ABSTINENCE LEADS TO HOLINESS; HOLINESS LEADS TO HUMILITY; HUMILITY LEADS TO FEAR OF SIN; FEAR OF SIN LEADS TO SAINTLINESS; SAINTLINESS LEADS TO (THE POSSESSION) OF THE HOLY SPIRIT; THE HOLY SPIRIT LEADS TO THE RESURRECTION OF THE DEAD; AND THE RESURRECTION OF THE DEAD COMETH THROUGH ELIJAH OF BLESSED MEMORY, AMEN. On this passage which has been named the Saint's Progress, v. A.Z., 20b. (Sonc. ed.) p. 106.] ');"><sup>38</sup></span>