Temurah 12

Chapter 12

א אבק רבית אינה יוצאה בדיינין ור' יוחנן אמר אפי' רבית קצוצה אינה יוצאה בדיינין
1 whereas the dust of usury<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., indirect usury, e.g., when a man sells his field and says to the buyer that if he pays him at once he wants so much but if at a later date, he demands a larger sum. Therefore because he waits for the money, the buyer pays more, and this is called the 'dust of usury'.');"><sup>1</sup></span> cannot be reclaimed through the judges. R'Johanan, however, says: Even stipulated usury is not reclaimed through the judges.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Raba will therefore agree with R. Eleazar and Abaye with R. Johanan, for here there is no special text in virtue of which one or the other of these Amoraim can say that the case is different.');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ב א"ל התם בסברא פליגי התם בקראי פליגי דא"ר יצחק מ"ט דרבי יוחנן אמר קרא (יחזקאל יח, יג) בנשך נתן ותרבית לקח וחי לא יחיה לחיים ניתן ולא להישבון
2 Thereupon he [R'Aha] said to him: But do they<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Abaye and Raba.');"><sup>3</sup></span> differ merely in opinion? Do they not differ in the interpretation of Scriptural texts? For R'Isaac said: What the reason of R'Johanan? Scripture says: He hath given forth upon usury and hath taken increase: shall he then live?
ג רב אחא בר אדא אמר מהכא (ויקרא כה, יז) ויראת מאלהיך אני ה' למורא נתתיו ולא להישבון
3 He shall not live,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ezek. XVIII, 13.');"><sup>4</sup></span> thus intimating that the taking of usury is a matter that affects life<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That he shall not live who takes usury.');"><sup>5</sup></span>
ד רבא אמר מהכא (יחזקאל יח, יג) התועבות האל עשה מות יומת דמיו בו [יהיה] והוליד בן פריץ שופך דם הוקשו מלוי רבית לשופכי דמים מה שופכי דמים לא ניתנו להישבון אף מלוי רבית לא ניתנו להישבון
4 but is not subject to restoration.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Therefore even according to Raba who holds that a forbidden act has no legal effect, here the act will be valid, because of the text.');"><sup>6</sup></span> R'Aha B'Adda says: From here:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Where the Scriptural text makes the case of usury different, so that even Raba can agree that the forbidden act here is valid.');"><sup>7</sup></span> Scripture says, 'But fear thy God',<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XXV, 36. The text occurs in connection with the law of usury.');"><sup>8</sup></span>
ה ואמר רב נחמן בר יצחק מ"ט דרבי אלעזר דאמר קרא (ויקרא כה, לו) וחי אחיך עמך אהדר ליה כי היכי דניחי עמך
5 intimating that the taking of usury is a matter of fearing God but is not subject to restoration. Raba says: From here:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Where the Scriptural text makes the case of usury different, so that even Raba can agree that the forbidden act here is valid.');"><sup>7</sup></span>
ו ואלא במאי קמיפלגי אביי ורבא בשינוי קונה
6 [Scripture says:] He hath done all these abominations: he shall surely die: his blood shall be upon him.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ezek. XVIII, 13.');"><sup>9</sup></span> Now, lo, if he begat a son that is a robber, a shedder of blood.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XVIII, 10. The passage, Now etc. is omitted in Raba's statements in B.M. 61a.');"><sup>10</sup></span>
ז ל"א בהני שינויי דשנינן ברבית קצוצה לאביי לא מהדר רבית לרבא מהדר רבית
7 Lenders on interest are compared to shedders of blood. Just as shedders of blood cannot make restoration [of the lives lost], so lenders on interest are not required to make restoration [of interest]. And R'Nahman B'Isaac said: What is the reason of R'Eleazar?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who holds that stipulated usury is reclaimed through the judges.');"><sup>11</sup></span>
ח והא אביי נמי סבר מפקינן ריבית קצוצה בדיינין דאמר אביי הדין דמסיק בחבריה ארבע (מאה) זוזי בריביתא ויהביה ליה למלוה בחנותיה גלימא דשוי חמשא בארבעה כי מפקינן מיניה ד' מפקינן מיניה והאי זוזא במתנה הוא דיהב ליה ורבא אמר חמשא מפקינן מיניה מ"ט כולה בתורת ריביתא קאתי לידיה
8 Scripture says: That thy brother may live with thee,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XXV, 36.');"><sup>12</sup></span> thus intimating that he must return the interest so that he [the borrower] may live with you. But then wherein do Abaye and Raba [really] differ? - On the question whether a change<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By transgressing a Scriptural command.');"><sup>13</sup></span> enables one to obtain ownership.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Abaye and Raba differ as to whether a change wrought in a thing brings about ownership, e.g., one who stole wood and made it into a vessel or wool and made it into a garment. According to Abaye the action is valid, for he acquires ownership and therefore he only pays the price of the wood or wool; whereas according to Raba the act is not valid, for he does not acquire ownership of the article and therefore must return the garment or the article. And when in the Gemara above we raise a difficulty for Raba from the relevant Mishnah: If one steals etc., do not reply that the case is different from the Mishnah because of a text, but answer that Raba will hold according to one Tanna in B.M. ');"><sup>14</sup></span> Another version: The difference will be<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Between Abaye and Raba,');"><sup>15</sup></span>
ט אלא כי קא מיפלגי אביי ורבא בשינוי קונה
9 in the various answers [given above].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' There will not actually be a difference in any specific case except in the kind of explanation each of these teachers will give in answer to the Baraitha or Mishnah as quoted above in the GEMARA: Abaye, who says a forbidden act has a legal effect will explain any particular Baraitha or Mishnah which appears to contradict this according to his view, and Raba, who holds that a prohibited act has no legal effect, will explain any particular Baraitha or Mishnah according to his point of view.');"><sup>16</sup></span>
י ת"ר (ויקרא כב, כ) כל אשר בו מום לא תקריבו מה ת"ל אם בלא תשחטו הרי כבר אמור למטה אלא מה ת"ל בל תקריבו בל תקדישו מכאן אמרו המקדיש בעלי מומין לגבי מזבח עובר משום חמשה שמות
10 [Still] another version: The difference<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Between Abaye and Raba.');"><sup>17</sup></span> will be in the matter of stipulated usury. According to Abaye he [the debtor] does not return the interest whereas according to Raba he is required to return the interest.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As the action is not valid.');"><sup>18</sup></span> But does not Abaye also hold that we reclaim stipulated usury through the judges? For Abaye said: If one claims four zuz from his fellow as interest, and the latter gave the lender in his shop for it a garment to the value of five [zuz], we recover four [zuz] from him and the remaining [zuz] we say he gave as a gift.
יא משום בל תקריבו בל תקדישו בל תשחטו ומשום בל תזרקו ומשום בל תקטירו כולו ומשום בל תקטירו מקצתו משום ר' יוסי בר' יהודה אמרו אף קבלת הדם
11 Raba says however: We recover from him five [zuz]. What is the reason? The whole [sum] came to him as interest.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' We therefore see that even according to Abaye the interest is recovered.');"><sup>19</sup></span>
יב אמר מר אם בל תשחטו הרי אמור למטה היכן אמור דתניא (ויקרא כב, כב) עורת או שבור או חרוץ או יבלת לא תקריבו מה ת"ל אם בל תקדישו הרי כבר אמור למעלה אלא מה ת"ל בל תקריבו בל תשחטו
12 - Rather then the difference of opinion between Abaye and Raba is in whether a change confers ownership.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. supra p. 33. n. 11.');"><sup>20</sup></span> Our Rabbis taught: [Scripture says:] Whatsoever hath a blemish, that ye shall not offer.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XXII, 20.');"><sup>21</sup></span> Now what does the text teach us? If it means that ye shall not kill, is this not stated below?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That a blemished animal must not be killed for the altar. The Gemara explains this subsequently.');"><sup>22</sup></span> Why then does the text state: 'Ye shall not offer'? It means, Ye shall not dedicate.
יג ואשה לא תתנו מהם אלו אשים אין לי אלא כולן מקצתן מנין ת"ל מהם
13 Hence [the Sages] said: He who dedicates blemished animals for the altar<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Burnt them wholly on the altar.');"><sup>23</sup></span> is guilty on all five counts; for transgressing the prohibitory laws with reference to offering,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Blemished animals.');"><sup>24</sup></span> to dedicating,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The word 'dedicating' is omitted by Sh. Mek. and by Rashi, in Hul. 80b, where the passage is cited.');"><sup>25</sup></span>
יד זריקת דמים מנין ת"ל על המזבח לה' לרבות שעיר המשתלח
14 killing,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Blemished animals.');"><sup>26</sup></span> sprinkling and burning wholly or partly.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Whether he burnt the whole or part of the animal, he is guilty of breaking the prohibitory law of burning a blemished animal on the altar.');"><sup>27</sup></span> They [the Sages] said in the name of R'Jose: [He is guilty] also [on account of the prohibition of] the receiving of the blood.
טו ולה' לרבות הוא והתניא אי (ויקרא יז, ד) קרבן שומע אני אף קדשי בדק הבית שנקראו קרבן כענין שנאמר (במדבר לא, נ) ונקרב את קרבן ה'
15 The Master said: 'If it means, Ye shall not kill, is not this mentioned below? ' Where is this stated? - It h been taught: Blind or broken or maimed ye shall not offer these unto the Lord.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XXII, 22.');"><sup>28</sup></span> What does Scripture teach us here? If it means not to dedicate,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Blemished animals for the altar.');"><sup>29</sup></span>
טז ת"ל ואל פתח אהל מועד וגו' הראוי לפתח אהל מועד חייבין עליו משום שוחטי חוץ שאין ראוי לפתח אהל מועד אין חייבין עליו משום שוחטי חוץ
16 this is already stated above.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' But whatsoever hath a blemish that ye shall not offer (ibid. 20) .');"><sup>30</sup></span>
יז אוציא אני את אלו ולא אוציא פרת חטאת ושעיר המשתלח שהן ראויין לפתח אהל מועד ת"ל לה' מי שמיוחדין לה' יצאו אלו שאין מיוחדין לה'
17 Then what does Scripture mean by 'Ye shall not offer'? [That] ye shall not kill.
יח אמר רבא התם מעניינא דקרא ואל פתח לרבות לה' להוציא הכא דאשה להוציא לה' לרבות
18 [The text:] Nor make an offering by fire of them<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Blemished animals for the altar.');"><sup>29</sup></span> refers to the burning [of the sacrifices on the altar].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is the prohibition of burning.');"><sup>31</sup></span> From this I could only prove the burning of the whole sacrifice [as being prohibited].
יט טעמא דכתב קרא לה' הוא דלא מייתי שעיר המשתלח הא לא רבי קרא לה' הוה אמינא שעיר המשתלח בעל מום שפיר דמי מכדי אין הגורל קבוע אלא בדבר הראוי
19 Whence, however, will you deduce that the same applies to a part [of a sacrifice]? Because the text states: Of them.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The continuation of the text, 'Nor make, etc.'.');"><sup>32</sup></span> Whence will you deduce the prohibitory law for the sprinkling of the blood [of blemished animals]?
כ אמר רב יוסף הא מני חנן המצרי היא דאמר אפילו דם בכוס מביא חבירו ומזווג ליה
20 The text states: Upon the altar.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The continuation of the text 'Of them'.');"><sup>33</sup></span> [The succeeding words:] 'Unto the Lord' include the case of a scapegoat.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That he who dedicates it blemished is guilty of breaking the prohibition 'Ye shall not offer'. Lit., 'the goat that is sent away'.');"><sup>34</sup></span>
כא נהי דשמעת ליה לחנן המצרי דלא הוי דיחוי דלא צריך הגרלה מי שמעת ליה דילמא מייתי ומגריל
21 But do [the words]: 'Unto the Lord' come to include [something additional]? Has it not been taught:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Zeb. ');"><sup>35</sup></span>
כב אלא אמר רב יוסף הא מני ר"ש היא דתניא מת אחד מהן מביא חבירו בלא הגרלה דברי ר"ש
22 Now<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Baraitha opened as follows: One might think that if one kills hullin (an unconsecrated animal) inside a Temple court one is guilty of excision? Scripture, however, says: Korban (offering) Lev. XVII, 4, thus implying that guilt is only incurred in connection with a korban. Now if you expound, etc.');"><sup>36</sup></span> if you expound the word korban [offering], am I to understand it to include the case of animals dedicated for Temple repairs,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That if one killed them outside the Temple court he would be liable to the penalty of excision.');"><sup>37</sup></span> which are described as korban as for instance when it says: We have therefore brought the Lord's korban?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Num. XXXI, 50. And the offerings mentioned here were for the Sanctuary, as it speaks of jewels of gold, chains, bracelets, etc.');"><sup>38</sup></span>
כג רבא אמר לא נצרכא כגון שהומם בו ביום וחיללו על חבירו
23 The text, however, states: And hath not brought it unto the door of the tent of the meeting.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XVII, 4.');"><sup>39</sup></span> [We therefore argue as follows]: In respect of whatever is fit for the door of the tent of the meeting,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., to be offered up on the altar.');"><sup>40</sup></span> one may become liable on account of the prohibition of slaughtering consecrated animals outside the Temple court; but in respect of whatever is not fit for the door of the tent of the meeting,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., dedications for Temple repairs because they are blemished.');"><sup>41</sup></span> one cannot become liable on account of the prohibition of slaughtering consecrated animals outside the Temple court. Shall I therefore exclude these<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Dedicated animals for Temple repairs.');"><sup>42</sup></span> but not the Red Heifer<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'the cow for expiation'.');"><sup>43</sup></span> and the scapegoat, since they are fit for 'the door of the tent of the meeting'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For they are unblemished, as both a red heifer and a scapegoat must be unblemished for their several purposes.');"><sup>44</sup></span> Therefore the text states: 'Unto the Lord'; [the law concerning slaughtering outside the Temple court applies] only to those designated as 'unto the Lord',<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Actually offered up on the altar.');"><sup>45</sup></span> but these<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The red heifer and the scapegoat.');"><sup>46</sup></span> are excluded, for they are not designated 'unto the Lord'!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' We therefore see that the text, 'Unto the Lord' implies exclusion and yet above you say the text 'Unto the Lord' is intended to include.');"><sup>47</sup></span> - Said Raba: There we go according to the context [and<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So Sh. Mek.');"><sup>48</sup></span> here we go according to the context]. There,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In connection with slaughtering outside the Temple court.');"><sup>49</sup></span> since the text, 'Unto the door of the tent of the meeting' includes,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' All unblemished animals to incur guilt for slaughtering them outside the Temple court.');"><sup>50</sup></span> therefore the text, 'Unto the Lord' in that connection excludes.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' It can only be to exclude something and we therefore exclude the cases of the scapegoat and the red heifer.');"><sup>51</sup></span> Here, however, as the text 'by fire' excludes,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That only in respect of an offering which is burnt is there liability for dedicating a blemished animal, and that in respect of a sacrifice which is not burnt and is dedicated in its blemished state, one does not incur any guilt for its dedication. I might therefore have thought that a scapegoat, since it is not burnt, is in the same category.');"><sup>52</sup></span> therefore the text, 'Unto the Lord' in that connection includes.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The case of a scapegoat, so that if one dedicates it in its blemished state one is guilty of transgressing the prohibitory law of 'Ye shall not offer it'.');"><sup>53</sup></span> The reason then why a blemished scapegoat is not brought is because Scripture says, 'Unto the Lord'. But if Scripture had not included [the case of a scapegoat] by means of the text, 'Unto the Lord', I might have thought that it was permissible to bring a blemished scapegoat. But consider: The lot<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which determines which goat was to be offered on the altar, and which the scapegoat, which was sent to Azazel.');"><sup>54</sup></span> designates only such as are fit 'for [the Lord]'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the two animals must be unblemished. For since we do not know on which will fall the lot 'for the Lord' and on which 'for Azazel', then necessarily both must be fit, as either may be destined 'for the Lord'.');"><sup>55</sup></span> - Said R'Joseph: This represents the opinion of Hanan the Egyptian. [For it has been taught:] Hanan the Egyptian said: Even if there was blood<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of the goat 'for the Lord',');"><sup>56</sup></span> in the cup,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The sprinkling of the blood not having yet taken place and the scapegoat was either lost or became blemished.');"><sup>57</sup></span> he brings another [goat]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For a scapegoat.');"><sup>58</sup></span> to pair with it.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' With the slaughtered goat. This obviously must be without casting lots, since he cannot do so as the animal 'for the Lord' has already been slaughtered. Now just as according to Hanan one can bring a second animal for the scapegoat without casting lots, so it might be assumed he can bring it in a blemished condition. The special text therefore, 'Unto the Lord' is necessary to inform us that this is not so.');"><sup>59</sup></span> Granted that you can understand from Hanan the Egyptian that there is no rejection,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That although the goat 'for the Lord' has been already slaughtered, since the sprinkling had not yet taken place, it is not denied as having suffered a disability in the process of the ritual, thus becoming rejected from the altar. We can consequently proceed with the selection of another animal for the scapegoat. The first Tanna, however, will hold that the blood is poured out, since there was a break in the ritual.');"><sup>60</sup></span> can you Understand that there is no casting of lots? Perhaps he brings two new goats and casts lots?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Perhaps the casting of lots still takes place in the following manner. He brings two fresh animals and casts lots as to which shall be 'for the Lord' and which for the scapegoat. The animal which is designated 'for the Lord' he leaves to pasture until blemished, and the other one, on which the lot for Azazel has fallen, he brings and pairs it with the slaughtered goat. Now since he must cast lots, the second animal, in order to become a scapegoat, must be unblemished.');"><sup>61</sup></span> Rather said R'Joseph: This<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The view that without the text 'Unto the Lord' I might have thought that a scapegoat could be brought even in a blemished state.');"><sup>62</sup></span> will represent the view of R'Simeon, for it has been taught: If one [of the two animals] died, he brings the other without casting lots.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Yoma 40a, 63b, I might therefore have thought since lots are not required in these circumstances, there is no need that the scapegoat should be unblemished. The Scriptural text 'Unto the Lord' therefore teaches us that it is not so.');"><sup>63</sup></span> Raba says: [The text]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'Unto the Lord'.');"><sup>64</sup></span> is not required save for the case where e.g. , [the scapegoat] became blemished on that day<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' After the lots had been cast.');"><sup>65</sup></span> and he redeemed it for another [animal].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which was also blemished and there would be a penalty for the dedication.');"><sup>66</sup></span>