Temurah 31

Chapter 31

א אמר רב יוסף דופי של סמיכה קתני
1 Said R'Joseph: [The word dofi here means] dispute, [e.g. , the dispute] relating to 'laying on of hands'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The laying of hands on the animal previous to a sacrifice on a Festival, which was the very first subject over which there was a difference of opinion, the School of Shammai holding that it was permissible and the School of Hillel that it was not permissible. This controversy took place after the time of Joseph b. Jo'ezer.');"><sup>1</sup></span> But does not Joseph B'Jo'ezer himself differ with reference to the law of laying on of hands?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Hag. 16a. V. (Sonc. ed.) p. 105, n. 1. We therefore see that even in Joseph b. Jo'ezers time there were already differences of opinion relating to certain laws.');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ב והא יוסף בן יועזר גופיה מיפליג פליג בסמיכה כי איפליג בה בסוף שניה דבצר ליבא
2 - When he differed it was in his latter years, when his mental powers<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'heart'.');"><sup>3</sup></span> declined.
ג גופא אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל שלשת אלפים הלכות נשתכחו בימי אבלו של משה אמרו לו ליהושע שאל א"ל (דברים ל, יב) לא בשמים היא
3 The [above] text [stated]: 'Rab Judah reported in the name of Samuel: Three thousand traditional laws were forgotten during the period of mourning for Moses'. They said to Joshua: 'Ask';<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Through the holy spirit, that these forgotten laws should be taught anew (R. Gershom) .');"><sup>4</sup></span> he replied: It is not i heaven.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XXX, 12. The whole Torah has already been given.');"><sup>5</sup></span> They [the Israelites] said to Samuel: 'Ask'; he replied: [Scripture says:] These are the commandments,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Num. XXXVI, 13.');"><sup>6</sup></span> implying [that since the promulgation of these commandments] no prophet has now the right to introduce anything new. Said R'Isaac the Smith: Also the law relating to a sin-offering whose owners have died<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Var. lec.: Have obtained atonement.');"><sup>7</sup></span>
ד אמרו לו לשמואל שאל אמר להם אלה המצות שאין הנביא רשאי לחדש דבר מעתה אמר ר' יצחק נפחא אף חטאת שמתו בעליה נשתכחה בימי אבלו של משה
4 was forgotten<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Whether the animal was left to die or to pasture.');"><sup>8</sup></span> during the period of mourning for Moses. They [the Israelites] said to Phinehas: 'Ask'; he replied to them: 'It is not in heaven'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Bah omits from 'It is not' to 'he replied'.');"><sup>9</sup></span> They said to Eleazar: 'Ask'. He replied: 'These are the commandments', implying [that since the promulgation of these commandments] no prophet has now the right to introduce anything new. Rab Judah reported in the name of Rab: When Moses departed [this world] for the Garden of Eden he said to Joshua: 'Ask me concerning all the doubts you have'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' On any points of law.');"><sup>10</sup></span>
ה אמרו לפנחס שאל אמר ליה לא בשמים היא א"ל לאלעזר שאל אמר להם אלה המצות שאין נביא רשאי לחדש דבר מעתה
5 He replied to him: 'My Master, have I ever left you for one hour and gone elsewhere?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., I have no doubts.');"><sup>11</sup></span> Did you not write concerning me in the Torah: But his servant Joshua the son of Nun departed not out of the tabernacle?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXXIII, 11.');"><sup>12</sup></span> Immediately the strength [of Moses] weakened<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., he took offence at Joshua's remark, which implied he had no longer need of him.');"><sup>13</sup></span> and [Joshua] forgot<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' He was punished for causing this weakness of Moses.');"><sup>14</sup></span> three hundred laws and there arose [in his mind] seven hundred doubts [concerning laws]. Then all the Israelites rose up to kill him.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Until he should tell them the laws.');"><sup>15</sup></span> The Holy One, blessed be He, then said to him [Joshua]: 'It is not possible to tell you.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' These laws, since the Torah is not in heaven.');"><sup>16</sup></span> Go and occupy their attention in war, as it says: Now after the death of Moses the servant of the Lord, it came to pass that the Lord spake;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Josh. I, 1.');"><sup>17</sup></span>
ו אמר רב יהודה אמר רב בשעה שנפטר משה רבינו לגן עדן אמר לו ליהושע שאל ממני כל ספיקות שיש לך אמר לו רבי כלום הנחתיך שעה אחת והלכתי למקום אחר לא כך כתבת בי (שמות לג, יא) ומשרתו יהושע בן נון נער לא ימיש מתוך האהל מיד תשש כחו של יהושע ונשתכחו ממנו שלש מאות הלכות ונולדו לו שבע מאות ספיקות ועמדו כל ישראל להרגו
6 and it further says; [Prepare you victuals for within three days, etc.].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. II. The bracketed words are inserted with Bah; v. also Sh. Mek.');"><sup>18</sup></span> It has been taught: A thousand and seven hundred kal wahomer<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Conclusion from minor to major.');"><sup>19</sup></span> and gezerah shawah<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Analogies based on verbal congruities.');"><sup>20</sup></span> and specifications of the Scribes<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Numerical tabulations, (e.g., thirteen things were taught with reference to nebelah of a clean bird, five are not in a position to give temurah, etc) . employed by the Rabbis as an aid to remembering the laws.');"><sup>21</sup></span> were forgotten during the period of mourning for Moses. Said R'Abbuha: Nevertheless Othniel the son of Kenaz restored [these forgotten teachings] as a result of his dialectics, as it says: And Othniel the son of Kenaz, the brother of Caleb, took it;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., Kiryath Sefer (Lit., 'the city of the book') and explained as meaning that Othniel won back the store of traditional teachings lost during the mourning period for Moses.');"><sup>22</sup></span> and he gave him Achsah his daughter to wife.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Josh. XV, 17.');"><sup>23</sup></span>
ז אמר לו הקב"ה לומר לך אי אפשר לך וטורדן במלחמה שנאמר (יהושע א, א) ויהי אחרי מות משה עבד ה' ויאמר ה' וגו'
7 And why was her name called Achsah? - Said<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Inserted with Sh. Mek. vxfg xgf');"><sup>24</sup></span> R'Johanan: Because whosoever saw her was angry with his wife.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because she was very beautiful, the word being derived from the word which means 'anger'.');"><sup>25</sup></span> And it came to pass as she came unto him that she moved him to ask of her father a field. And she alighted [watiznah] off her ass.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The continuation of the previous text. jbm,u jum');"><sup>26</sup></span>
ח במתניתין תנא אלף ושבע מאות קלין וחמורין וגזירות שוות ודקדוקי סופרים נשתכחו בימי אבלו של משה
8 What does the word wa-tiznah mean? Raba reported in the name of R'Isaac: She said to him: Just as an ass when it has no food in its trough immediately cries out,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The word is explained here as being derived from 'To cry out', 'shout'.');"><sup>27</sup></span>
ט אמר רבי אבהו אעפ"כ החזירן עתניאל בן קנז מתוך פלפולו שנאמר (יהושע טו, יז) וילכדה עתניאל בן קנז אחי כלב (הקטן ממנו) [ויתן לו את עכסה בתו לאשה] ולמה נקרא שמה עכסה שכל הרואה אותה כועס על אשתו
9 so a woman when she has no wheat in her house cries out immediately, [as it says: And Caleb said unto her: What wouldst thou? ].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Inserted with Sh. Mek. vxfg xgf');"><sup>24</sup></span> And she answered, Give me a blessing for thou hast given me a south land,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. 18-19. cdb cdb');"><sup>28</sup></span> implying a house dry<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The word 'south' is here derived from the root meaning 'to be dry'.');"><sup>29</sup></span> [devoid] of all goodness [money]; give me also springs of water,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Josh. XV, 18-19.');"><sup>30</sup></span>
י (יהושע טו, יח) ויהי בבואה ותסיתהו לשאל מאת אביה שדה ותצנח מעל החמור מאי ותצנח אמר רבא א"ר יצחק אמרה לו מה חמור זה כיון שאין לו מאכל באבוסו מיד צועק כך אשה כיון שאין לה תבואה בתוך ביתה מיד צועקת
10 meaning a man in whom is Only Torah.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., aman to whom the Torah is geluyah (revealed) , a play on the word gulloth (springs) .');"><sup>31</sup></span> And he gave her the upper springs [gulloth] and the nether springs.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Josh. XV, 18-19.');"><sup>30</sup></span> He said to her: 'One to whom all the secrets of the upper and nether worlds are revealed,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Bah; cur. edd. read: Let him seek food from him who dwells with the upper and nether worlds.');"><sup>32</sup></span> need one ask food from him? '<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Var. lec. 'of me', hence render: 'need he seek food of me, surely he will not be in want'.');"><sup>33</sup></span>
יא (יהושע טו, יט) ותאמר תנה לי ברכה כי ארץ הנגב נתתני בית שמנוגב מכל טובה ונתתה לי גולות מים אדם שאין בו אלא תורה בלבד (יהושע טו, יט) ויתן לה כלב את גולות עליות ואת גולות תחתיות אמר לה מי שדר עליונים ותחתונים יבקש ממנו מזונות
11 But was Caleb the son of Kenaz?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For the Gemara above cites the text which says that Othniel the brother of Caleb was the son of Kenaz, thus implying that Kenaz was the father of Caleb.');"><sup>34</sup></span> Was he not the son of Jephunneh?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since Scripture says (Josh. XIV, 13) Caleb the son of Jephunneh and does not say the son of Kenaz. vbuph vbp');"><sup>35</sup></span> - The meaning of the word Jephunneh is that he turned<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' and 'turn from' having verbal similarity.');"><sup>36</sup></span> from the counsel of the spies.
יב וכלב בן קנז הוא והלא כלב בן יפונה הוא מאי יפונה שפנה מעצת מרגלים
12 But still was he [Caleb] the son of Kenaz? Was he not the son of Hezron, since it says: And Caleb the son of Hezron begat Azubah?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I Chron. II, 18. This is explained in Sot. ');"><sup>37</sup></span> - Said Raba: He [Caleb] was a stepson of Kenaz.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And Othniel was his brother on the maternal side.');"><sup>38</sup></span>
יג ואכתי בן קנז הוא בן חצרון הוא דכתיב (דברי הימים א ב, יח) וכלב בן חצרון הוליד את עזובה אמר רבא חורגיה דקנז הוא
13 [This can also be proved,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That Caleb was not the son of Kenaz, his father being Hezron.');"><sup>39</sup></span> since it says: Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Josh. ibid.');"><sup>40</sup></span> but does not say the son of Kenaz.]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Now if Caleb's father was Kenaz, why does not the text say, 'the son of Kenaz'? This therefore proves that Kenaz only brought him up but did not beget him. The bracketed passage is inserted with Rashi and Sh. Mek; V. Wilna Gaon Glosses.');"><sup>41</sup></span> A Tanna taught: Othniel is the same as Jabez.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In I Chron. II, 55 it says: And the families of the Scribes which dwelt at Jabez, these are the Kenites, and in Judg. I,16: And the children of the Kenites, etc. and went, etc. This must have been Othniel, Later on it says: And Judah went with Simeon his brother, referring to Othniel mentioned previously in the text (Wilna Gaon Glosses) .');"><sup>42</sup></span>
יד תנא הוא עתניאל הוא יעבץ ומה שמו יהודה אחי שמעון שמו עתניאל שענאו אל יעבץ שיעץ וריבץ תורה בישראל
14 He<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For this reading v. Sh. Mek. kthb,g vbg kt');"><sup>43</sup></span> was called Othniel because God answered him,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' combining the words with . .cgh .gh');"><sup>44</sup></span> and Jabez because he counselled<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' and 'advising', having some verbal similarity.');"><sup>45</sup></span>
טו ומנלן שענאו אל דכתיב (דברי הימים א ד, י) ויקרא יעבץ לאלהי ישראל לאמור אם ברך תברכני והרבית את גבולי והיתה ידך (עמדי ועשה מרעתי) לבלתי עצבי ויבא אלהים את אשר שאל
15 and fostered Torah in Israel. And what was his [real] name? Judah the brother of Simeon.
טז אם ברך תברכני בתורה והרבית את גבולי בתלמידים והיתה ידך עמדי שלא ישתכח תלמודי מלבי ועשה מרעתי שיזדמנו לי ריעים כמותי לבלתי עצבי שלא ישגבני יצה"ר מלשנות אם אתה עושה כן מוטב ואם לאו הריני הולך לנסיסי לשאול מיד ויבא אלהים את אשר שאל
16 And whence do we derive that God answered him? - Since it says: And Jabez called on the God of Israel saying, Oh that thou wouldst bless me indeed and enlarge my border, and that thine hand might be with me, and that thou wouldst keep me from evil that it may not grieve me! And God granted him that which he requested.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I Chron. IV, 10.');"><sup>46</sup></span> 'Oh that thou wouldst bless me indeed' with Torah; 'and enlarge my border' with pupils; 'that thine hand might be with me', that my studies may not be forgotten from my heart; 'and that thou wouldst keep me from evil', that I may meet friends like myself; 'that it may not grieve me', that the evil inclination may not have power over me so as to prevent me from studying: If thou doest so it is well, but if not, I shall go with my 'grief' to the grave.
יז כיוצא בדבר אתה אומר (משלי כט, יג) רש ואיש תככים נפגשו מאיר עיני שניהם ה' בשעה שהתלמיד הולך אצל רבו ואומר לו למדני תורה אם מלמדו מאיר עיני שניהם ה' ואם לאו (משלי כב, ב) עשיר ורש נפגשו עושה כולם ה' מי שעשאו חכם לזה עושה אותו טיפש טיפש לזה עושה אותו חכם זו משנת ר' נתן
17 Immediately, 'God granted him that which he requested'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Showing that if one devotes himself to the study of the Torah all his petitions are fulfilled.');"><sup>47</sup></span> You find a similar example: The poor man and the man of medium wealth meet together,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'Poor' is interpreted in the sense of one who is devoid of the knowledge of Torah and the expression, 'A man of medium wealth' is interpreted as one who only possesses a moderate knowledge of the Torah. When therefore the poor man asks the other to teach him, it is incumbent on the latter to do so just as God carried out the wish of Othniel (R. Gershom) .');"><sup>48</sup></span> the Lord lighteneth both their eyes.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Prov. XXIX, 13.');"><sup>49</sup></span> When the pupil questions his teacher and says to him: 'Teach me Torah', if he teaches him, the Lord enlightens the eyes of both of them,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For even the teacher requires enlightenment from God.');"><sup>50</sup></span> and if not, 'the rich and poor meet together, the Lord is the maker of them all:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Prov. XXII, 2.');"><sup>51</sup></span> He who made this one wise can make him a fool, and He who has made this one a fool can make him wise.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' God now starts to make them afresh, a fool or a wise man.');"><sup>52</sup></span>
יח ר' יהודה הנשיא אומר אם ברך תברכני בפריה ורביה והרבית את גבולי בבנים ובבנות והיתה ידך עמדי במשא ובמתן ועשית מרעתי שלא יהא בי מיחוש ראש ומיחוש אזנים ומיחוש עינים לבלתי עצבי שלא ישגבני יצה"ר מלשנות אם אתה עושה כן מוטב ואם לאו הריני הולך בנסיסי לשאול ויבא לו אלהים את אשר שאל
18 This is the teaching of R'Nathan. R'Judah the Prince says: 'If thou wouldst bless me indeed', by multiplying and increasing; 'and enlarge my border', with sons and daughters; 'and that thine hand might be with me', in business; 'and thou wouldst keep me from evil', that I have no head-ache, ear-ache nor eye-ache; 'that it may not grieve me', that the evil inclination may not have power over me so as to prevent me from studying: If thou doest so, it is well, but if not, I will go with my 'grief' to the grave.' And God granted him that which h requested'. Likewise<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This Tanna explains the text with reference to money and the need for assisting a person in want, as God did with Othniel (R. Gershom) . Rashi explains 'likewise' as meaning that if one seeks and petitions for sustenance, heaven will fulfil his wishes.');"><sup>53</sup></span>
יט כיוצא בדבר אתה אומר רש ואיש תככים נפגשו מאיר עיני שניהם ה' בשעה שעני הולך אצל בעל הבית ואמר פרנסני אם מפרנסו מוטב ואם לאו עשיר ורש נפגשו עושה כולם ה' מי שעשאו עשיר לזה עושה אותו עני עני לזה עושה אותו עשיר
19 you say: The poor man and the man of medium wealth have met together, the Lord lighteneth both their eyes;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Both will become rich (R. Gershom) .');"><sup>54</sup></span> when the poor man goes to the donor and says, 'Assist me',if he assists him it is well, but i not, 'the rich and the poor meet together, the Lord is the maker of them all': He who made this one rich can make him poor, and He who made this one poor can make him rich. SAID R'SIMEON: WHAT DO WE FIND AS REGARDS etc. Our Rabbis taught: R'Simeon says, Five sin-offerings are left to die - an offspring of a dedicated animal, the substitute of a sin-offering, a sin-offering whose owner has died, a sin-offering whose owner has procured atonement, and a sin-offering whose year is passed. Now you cannot apply [the law of] the offspring of a dedicated animal to a congregation because a congregation does not bring a female animal [for an offering]. You cannot also apply [the law of] the substitute of a sin-offering to a congregation because a congregation cannot effect exchange.
כ אר"ש מה מצינו כו'
20 You cannot also apply [the law of] a sin-offering whose owner has died to a congregation because 'a congregation does not die'.
כא ת"ר רבי שמעון אומר חמש חטאות מתות ולד חטאת ותמורת חטאת וחטאת שמתו בעליה וחטאת שכפרו בעליה וחטאת שעיברה שנתה
21 With regard to the cases of a sin-offering whose owner has procured atonement or whose year is passed, we do not as yet know.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'we have not learnt', whether they apply to a congregation.');"><sup>55</sup></span> Shall we say then that these have the same rule in the case both of a congregation and an individual? I will tell you.
כב אי אתה יכול לומר ולד חטאת בציבור לפי שאין חטאת נקבה בציבור ואי אתה יכול לומר תמורת חטאת בציבור לפי שאין ציבור עושין תמורה ואי אתה יכול לומר חטאת שמתו בעליה בציבור לפי שאין הציבור מתים
22 Let the cases which are not explicitly stated<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As to whether they apply to a congregation, the cases being a sin-offering whose owners procured atonement and a sin-offering whose year is passed.');"><sup>56</sup></span>
כג שכיפרו בעליה ושעיברה שנתה לא מצינו יכול יהו נוהגות בין ביחיד בין בציבור
23 
כד אמרת ילמד (אדם) סתום ממפורש מה מפורש ביחיד ולא בצבור אף בשכיפרו בעליה ושעיברה שנתה ביחיד דברים אמורים ולא בציבור
24 be derived [by analogy] from the cases explicitly stated<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., in the cases of offspring of a dedicated animal, a sin-offering whose owners died, and a substitute of a sin-offering.');"><sup>57</sup></span> [as follows]: Just as the cases explicitly stated apply to an individual and not to a congregation, so the cases regarding the owners of a sin-offering who have procured atonement and a sin-offering whose year has passed only apply to an individual and not to a congregation.