Arakhin 4

Chapter 4

א עובד כוכבים וחבירו מחד קרא נפקי אייתרי להו תרי חד קרבנו ולא קרבן אביו ואידך לרבות כל בעלי חוברין לסמיכה

1 he would infer [the exclusion of] idolater and neighbour from one passage,1 so that two more would remain redundant, from one of which he would infer that 'his offering' means 'but not that of his father', and from the other that all who have a share in the ownership of a sacrifice are obliged to perform the laying on of hands.

ב ורבי יהודה האי (ויקרא כז, י) המר ימיר מאי עביד ליה מיבעי ליה לרבות את האשה דתניא לפי שכל הענין אינו מדבר אלא בלשון זכר מה סופינו לרבות את האשה ת"ל ואם המר ימיר

2 But what does R'Judah do with 'If he shall at all change'? - He needs that to include woman,2 for it was taught: Since all this chapter is couched in masculine gender, what brings us eventually to include woman? The text stated: 'If he shall at all change'.3 But [whence do] the Sages [infer this]? - From the' [redundant] 'And if'. And R'Judah? - He does not interpret 'And if'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' He does not ascribe to that word the implications attributed to it by the Sages. About the limits of such interpretation and the basic suggestions implied in disputes thereon v. D. Hoffman, Leviticus I, 9f.');">4 What does 'All persons are obliged<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Gemara proceeds now to a systematic examination of all cases in which the word 'all' is used. Unless it can be proved that in each case that word includes something normally excluded, the argument, or rather the first question posed on ');">5

ג ורבנן מואם ור' יהודה ואם לא דריש:

3 to observe [the laws concerning] the booth' mean to include? - That is meant to include a minor that no more needs his mother,6 for we have learnt: A minor that no more needs his mother is obliged to observe the laws concerning the booth.7 What does 'All are obliged to observe the law of the lulab'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The palm-branch forming with citron, myrtle and willow, the cluster taken during the Feast of Tabernacles (v. Lev. XXIII, 40) is every day waved in every direction to symbolize the omnipresence of God.');">8 mean to include? - That includes a minor who knows how to shake the lulab, for we learnt: A minor who knows how to shake<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The lulab is waved in the four main directions: south, north, west and east, and there are some details as to the position of the components of the cluster, which are known to the worshipper, so that he may follow the cantor's lead.');">9

ד הכל חייבין בסוכה לאיתויי מאי לאיתויי קטן שאינו צריך לאמו דתנן קטן שאינו צריך לאמו חייב בסוכה

4 the lulab is obliged to observe [the laws of] the lulab.10 What does 'All are obliged to observe the [law of] the fringes' include? - That includes the minor who knows how to wrap himself, for it was taught: A minor who knows how to wrap himself [into the tallith]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The prayer shawl at the four corners of which the fringes are attached, and into which one wraps oneself, 'in order to remember the commandments of the Lord'. The wrapping must be performed in a special manner, v. M.K. 24a.');">11 is obliged to observe the law of the fringes.

ה הכל חייבין בלולב לאיתויי מאי לאיתויי קטן היודע לנענע דתנן קטן היודע לנענע חייב בלולב

5 What does 'All are obliged to observe the rules concerning the tefillin' include? - That includes a minor who knows how to take care of the tefillin, for it was taught: If a minor knows how to take care of the tefillin,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Commonly called phylacteries. The attachment, leather box and leather strap, each on left arm and forehead, containing the Shema' and other extracts from the Torah, originally worn all day, now only at the morning prayer.');">12 his father buys tefillin for him. What does 'All are obliged to appear' include'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXIII, 17: Three times in the year all thy males shall appear before the Lord God. The Scriptural text is all-inclusive, hence the Mishnaic 'All' must deal with a case which, but for its redundant 'all', one would have excluded from the obligation to appear.');">13

ו הכל חייבין בציצית לאיתויי מאי לאיתויי קטן היודע להתעטף דתניא קטן היודע להתעטף חייב בציצית

6 - It is meant to include one who is half<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A full slave is free because 'before the Lord God' is interpreted to mean: only those who have but one Lord or Master, I.e., excluding the slave, who has a terrestrial master in addition to the Eternal Lord to serve. If owned by two masters, one of whom frees him, the slave becomes half freed, and stays half slave.');">14 slave and half freedman. According, however, to Rabina, who holds that one who is half slave and half freed is free from the obligation to appear, [the word 'All'] is meant to include one who was lame<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The word regel in Hebrew may mean either 'foot' or 'festival' (on the three festivals the men 'footed' it to Jerusalem) . Hence the inference that only those who could foot it normally are obliged to appear on these three festivals, which excludes a lame man.');">15

ז הכל חייבין בתפילין לאיתויי מאי לאיתויי קטן היודע לשמור תפלין דתניא קטן היודע לשמור תפלין אביו לוקח לו תפלין

7 on the first day of the festival and became normal again on the second day. That would be right according to the view that all the days of the festival may make up for each other. But according to the view that they all are but making up for the first day, what will 'All' come to include?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' There are two views as to the statement of the Mishnah (Hag. 9a: One who has made no offering on the first day of the feast must make up, or has the opportunity to make up for it, throughout the other days of the festival) , the first holding that each day has its own obligation; hence even if the worshipper was unfit on the first day of the festival, provided he is fit on the next, he is not exempt on the other days per se imposing the obligation, whilst the other considers only the first day imposing the obligation of an offering. Consequently, if he was disqualified on the first day, or free of that obligation, he would be exempt a complementary offering. The practical difference, in our case, would be this: One who on the first day of the festival had been lame, hence not obliged to offer the festal sacrifices, would be free according to the second view, but according to the first, would be obliged to make the offering on one of the subsequent days of the festival.');">16

ח הכל חייבין בראייה לאיתויי מאי לאיתויי מי שחציו עבד וחציו בן חורין

8 - It will include one blind in one of his eyes. This [answer] is not in accord with the following Tanna, for it was taught:17

ט ולרבינא דאמר מי שחציו עבד וחציו בן חורין פטור מן הראייה לאיתויי חיגר ביום ראשון ונתפשט ביום שני

9 Johanan B'Dahabai said in the name of R'Judah: One blind in one eye is free from the obligation to appear, for it is said:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The massoretic text y-r-'-h may be accentuated to read either yir'eh (he will see) or yera'eh (he will be seen) . The first reading applied to the Lord, the second to the Israelite appearing before Him, would be thus interpreted: Just as the Lord sees him 'with two eyes' i.e., with undisturbed vision, so shall the worshipper be one appearing with 'both eyes intact, i.e., with undiminished sight. For an alternative rendering v. Hag., Sonc. ed., p. 3. n. 3.');">18 Yir'eh-yera'eh [he shall see - he shall appear] i.e.,just He is present to see [the comer], so shall He be seen, just as His sight is complete,19

י הניחא למאן דאמר כולן תשלומין זה לזה אלא למ"ד כולן תשלומין לראשון לאיתויי מאי

10 so shall the sight of him who appears be intact.19 Or, if you like, say this: In truth it is meant to include one who is half slave and h freed man, and if the view of Rabina should appear as the difficulty, this is no difficulty either; the first vi is in accord with the former Mishnah, the second with the later<big>MISHNAH:</big> For we learnt:20

יא לאיתויי סומא באחת מעיניו ודלא כי האי תנא

11 One who is half slave and half freed man shall serve himself one day and his master the other - thus Beth Hillel. Said Beth Shammai to them: You took care of the interests of his master, but you have done nothing [thereby] on his behalf.

יב דתניא יוחנן בן דהבאי אומר משום רבי יהודה סומא באחת מעיניו פטור מן הראייה שנאמר {שמות כג } יראה יראה כדרך שבא לראות כך בא ליראות מה לראות בשתי עיניו אף ליראות בשתי עיניו

12 For he is unable to marry either a female slave or free woman. Shall he do without marriage?

יג ואיבעית אימא לעולם לאיתויי מי שחציו עבד וחציו בן חורין ודקא קשיא לך דרבינא לא קשיא כאן במשנה ראשונה כאן במשנה אחרונה

13 But the world was created only for propagation of the species, as it is said: He created it not a waste. He formed it to be inhabited.21 Rather, for the sake of the social welfare we force his master to set him free, and the slave writes out a document of indebtedness covering the other half of his value.

יד דתנן מי שחציו עבד וחציו בן חורין עובד את רבו יום אחד ואת עצמו יום אחד דברי ב"ה

14 Beth Hillel retracted and taught as Beth Shammai.22 What does 'All are obliged to sound the shofar'23

טו אמרו להם ב"ש תיקנתם את רבו ואת עצמו לא תיקנתם לישא שפחה אינו יכול בת חורין אינו יכול יבטל והלא לא נברא העולם אלא לפריה ורביה שנאמר (ישעיהו מה, יח) לא תוהו בראה לשבת יצרה

15 mean to include? - That includes a minor who has reached the age of training, for we learnt: One does not prevent a minor from blowing the shofar on the festival.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R.H. 32b. The source quoted does not seem to fit the 'inference made, for the answer postulates evidence that a minor is obliged to sound the shofar, whereas the reference quoted refers to the fact that one does not prevent a minor from sounding the horn, which allows for the ihcfgn iht possibility of his being neither obliged nor forbidden to sound it. There is a lacuna in the text which Tosaf. s.v. supplies, from R.H. 33a, where such obligation is definitely stated.');">24 'All are obliged to read the scroll'.25 'All are fit to read the scroll'. What are these meant to include? -

טז אלא מפני תיקון העולם כופין את רבו ועושה אותו בן חורין וכותב שטר על חצי דמיו וחזרו בית הלל להורות כדברי ב"ש

יז הכל חייבין בתקיעת שופר לאיתויי מאי לאיתויי קטן שהגיע לחינוך דתנן אין מעכבין את הקטן מלתקוע ביו"ט

יח הכל חייבין במקרא מגילה הכל כשרין לקרות את המגילה לאיתויי

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