Talmud Bavli
Talmud Bavli

Bekhorot 74

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1

נעקרו אין נפגמו ונגממו לא

[thus implying that] when torn out completely [they are blemishes] but not where they are broken off or levelled [to the gum]?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., only hidden blemishes.');"><sup>1</sup></span>

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2

בעינא מום רע וליכא

- We require [that it should appear] 'an ill blemish',<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And therefore there must be a complete tearing out, as 'an ill blemish' is only when it is seen. kf');"><sup>2</sup></span>

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3

אי הכי מום עובר נמי

which is not the case [where it is not torn out].

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4

אלמה תנן

If this be so,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That the word is an extension of the scope of what is a blemish.');"><sup>3</sup></span>

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5

ולא מן העור

why should not [a firstling be slaughtered] in consequence of a transitory blemish?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since such a defect appears to be an ill blemish.');"><sup>4</sup></span>

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6

מום עובר סברא הוא

Why have we learnt: BUT NOT IF THE DEFECT IS IN THE EAR-LAP? - There is a logical reason [why we do not slaughter a firstling] in consequence of a transitory blemish, for seeing that we do not redeem [a consecrated animal]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which became unfit for sacrifice. (11) A firstling outside Palestine.');"><sup>5</sup></span>

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7

השתא מיפרק לא פרקינן עלויה משחט שחטינן עלויה

in consequence [of a transitory blemish], shall we slaughter in consequence of it? " For it has been taught: [Scripture says]: And if it be any unclean beast of which they may not bring an offering unto the Lord.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XXVII, 11.');"><sup>6</sup></span>

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8

דתניא

The text deals here with sacrifices rendered unfit which were redeemed.

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9

(ויקרא כז, יא) ואם כל בהמה טמאה אשר לא יקריבו ממנה קרבן לה' בבעלי מומין הכתוב מדבר

You say sacrifices rendered unfit.

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10

אתה אומר בבעלי מומין שנפדו הכתוב מדבר

Perhaps it is really not so, but it speaks actually of an unclean animal?

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11

או אינו אלא בבהמה טמאה ממש

Since it says: 'And if it be of an unclean beast, then he shall ransom it according to thy valuation'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid XXVII, 27. kf');"><sup>7</sup></span>

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12

כשהוא אומר

the case of an unclean animal is already stated.

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13

ואם בבהמה הטמאה הרי בהמה טמאה אמור הא מה אני מקיים אשר לא יקריבו ממנה

How then do I interpret the text 'Of which they may not bring an offering unto the Lord'?

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14

הוי אומר

You must say that it refers to sacrifices rendered unfit which were redeemed.

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15

זה בעלי מומין שנפדו

I might, however, conclude that one may redeem in consequence of a transitory blemish, hence Scripture explicitly states: 'Of which they may not bring an offering unto the Lord', thus intimating [that it refers to] a sacrifice which is completely unfit [for the altar], but excluding this case of a transitory blemish, which although unfit for sacrifice today, is fit tomorrow.

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16

יכול יפדו על מום עובר

And if you prefer [another solution]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To the question why, in view of the word we should not be allowed to slaughter a firstling by reason of a transitory blemish?');"><sup>8</sup></span>

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17

ת"ל

I may say: If this be a fact [that transitory defect is a legal blemish] then of what avail is the text 'Lame and blind' [which implies only permanent blemishes]?

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18

אשר לא יקריבו ממנה קרבן לה' מי שאינה קריבה כל עיקר יצתה זו שאינה קריבה היום אלא למחר

IF IT WAS SLIT, ALTHOUGH THERE WAS NOT ANY LOSS [OF SUBSTANCE].

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19

איבעית אימא

Our Rabbis taught: A slit may be as small as you please.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'whatever it may be'.');"><sup>9</sup></span>

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20

א"כ פסח ועור למה לי:

A defect [a cut] may be either through the agency of man or by nature.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'By the hands of heaven', i.e., born with a defect.');"><sup>10</sup></span>

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21

נסדקה אע"פ שלא חסרה:

Does this imply that a slit has not the same ruling when brought about by nature? - Rather state it thus: A slit may be as small as you please, and both a slit and a cut may be either through the agency of man or by nature.

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22

ת"ר

And how large is a cut? - A notch deep enough to stop the finger nail.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When passing over its edge as with a slaughtering knife.');"><sup>11</sup></span>

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23

הסדק כל שהוא הפגימה בין בידי אדם בין בידי שמים

IF IT WAS PERFORATED AS LARGE etc. Our Rabbis taught: How large is the perforation of the ear? - As large as a karshinah.

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24

מכלל דסדק בידי שמים לא

R'Jose son of R'Judah says: As large as a lentil.

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25

אלא סדק ופגימה בין בידי שמים בין בידי אדם

What is called dry?

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26

וכמה שיעור פגימה

If when perforated [the sore] does not bring forth a drop of blood.

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27

כדי שתחגור בה ציפורן:

R'Jose B'Ha-meshullam says: [It is called] 'dry' a long as it is liable to crumble.

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28

נקבה מלא וכו':

A Tanna taught: Their views are nearly alike.

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29

ת"ר

Whose views [are meant]?

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30

כמה נקיבת האוזן מלא כרשינה

Shall I say the views of the first Tanna [quoted above] and R'Jose B'Ha-meshullam?

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31

ר' יוסי בר' יהודה אומר

Surely there is a considerable difference!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Between the two views set forth.');"><sup>12</sup></span>

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32

בכעדשה

- Rather you must say, the views of the first Tanna [quoted above] and R'Jose son of R'Judah.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For a karshinah is only slightly larger than a lentil.');"><sup>13</sup></span>

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33

ואיזו היא יבשה שאם תינקב ואינה מוציאה טיפת דם

[But does R'Jose son of R'Judah maintain that a blemish is constituted] by [a hole] the size of a lentil and not by less than the size of a lentil?

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34

ר' יוסי בן המשולם אומר

Against this I quote: Scripture says 'An awl'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XV, 17.');"><sup>14</sup></span>

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35

יבשה כדי שתהא נפרכת

I have here mentioned only an awl [wherewith to bore the ear of a slave]; whence do you include also a prick, a thorn, a borer, and a stylus?

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36

תנא

Hence the text states: Then thou shalt take,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XV, 17.');"><sup>14</sup></span>

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37

קרובין דבריהן להיות שוין

thus including everything which can be taken in a hand.

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38

דבריהן דמאן

This is the view of R'Jose son of R'Judah.

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39

אילימא דתנא קמא ור' יוסי בן המשולם טובא איכא

Rabbi says, [Since the text says] 'An awl', we inf that as an awl is exclusively of metal, so anything used must be of metal.

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40

אלא דתנא קמא ור' יוסי בר' יהודה

And it is stated in the following clause: Said R'Eleazar: Judan the son of Rabbis<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A name applied to a great scholar, v. J.E. s.v.');"><sup>15</sup></span>

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41

כעדשה אין בציר מכעדשה לא

used to expound as follows: The boring is only done through the ear-lap.

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42

ורמינהי

The Sages, however, rule: A Hebrew slave who is a priest must not have his ear bored, because he becomes blemished.

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43

{דברים טו } מרצע אין לי אלא מרצע מנין לרבות הסול והסירה והמחט והמקדח והמכתב

Now if you maintain that the boring was done through the ear-lap, then the Hebrew slave who is a priest cannot become blemished, hence we only bore through the top part of the ear!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., from the cartilage inward. Nevertheless we see that the boring causes a blemish. R. Jose holding that even a needle's point which makes a hole much smaller than a lentil, is capable of maiming.');"><sup>16</sup></span>

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44

ת"ל

- Said Rab Hana B'Kattina: This offers no difficulty.

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45

(דברים טו, יז) ולקחת כל דבר שנלקח ביד דברי ר' יוסי בר' יהודה

Here for the purpose of slaughtering,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Outside the Temple.');"><sup>17</sup></span>

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46

רבי אומר

[the size of a lentil is required] but there in the case of causing a disqualification [even a needle can render the anima blemished for the altar].

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47

מרצע מה מרצע מיוחד של מתכת אף כל של מתכת

What is karshinah?

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48

וקתני סיפא

Said R'Sherabya: Indian vetch.

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49

א"ר יודן ברבי היה דורש

R'Oshaiah inquired from R'Huna the Great: [Must the hole be] of a size so that the karshinah may enter and come out [with ease] or as to contain a karshinah<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'a karshinah which stands'.');"><sup>18</sup></span>

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50

כשהן רוצעין אין רוצעין אלא במילת

[only with difficulty]? - He replied to him: I have not heard the answer to this particular query, but I have heard [a solution of] a similar query.

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51

וחכמים אומרים

For we have learnt: A spinal column and a skull which have shrunk [do not cause uncleanness].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The spinal column and the skull cause levitical uncleanness, rendering any object unclean under their shelter, like the greater number of the limbs of a dead body or the greater part of a dead body. If however, they are not complete, they do not cause this uncleanness.');"><sup>19</sup></span>

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52

אין עבד עברי כהן נרצע מפני שנעשה בעל מום

And how great must be the shrinkage in the spinal column in order not to cause uncleanness?

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53

וא"ת

Beth Shammai say: Two vertebrae, whereas Beth Hillel say: One vertebra.

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54

במילת היו רוצעין היאך עבד כהן נעשה בעל מום

And as regards the skull, Beth Shammai say: [The amount of the shrinkage] must be equal to a borer;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Oh. II, 3.');"><sup>20</sup></span>

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55

הא אין רוצעין אלא בגובה של אוזן

and Beth Hillel say: As much as is required to be taken away from a living person in order to prove fatal.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Defined infra p. 38a.');"><sup>21</sup></span>

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56

אמר רב חנא בר קטינא

Now R'Hisda sat discoursing and inquired: [You say] as much as is required to be taken from a living person [so as to prove fatal].

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57

לא קשיא כאן לשחוט כאן לפסול

And how much would this be? - R'Tahlifa B'Abudimi said to him: Thus did Samuel say: As much as a sela'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A weight and a coin.');"><sup>22</sup></span>

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58

מאי כרשינה

<sup>23</sup> this is by the sentence: R'Samuel B'Judah reported a Baraitha"&gt;.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For we find elsewhere R. Samuel b. Judah frequently quoting a Baraitha.');"><sup>24</sup></span>

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59

אמר רב שרביא

Said [R'Hisda] to him [R'Tahlifa]: If so,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That Beth Hillel say a sela'.');"><sup>25</sup></span>

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60

הינדא

then you have made the views of Beth Shammai and Beth Hillel identical.

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61

בעא מיניה רב הושעיא מרב הונא רבה

For we have learnt: In a light-hole which was not made by the agency of man,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A wall breaking a little of itself between two houses, thus making an opening letting in light.');"><sup>26</sup></span>

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62

כרשינה הנכנסת ויוצאה או כרשינה העומדת

the size<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So as to bring uncleanness from one house to the other. As this was not made by the agency of a man, therefore less than this size does not bring about impurity.');"><sup>27</sup></span>

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63

אמר לו

required is as large as a big fist, such as the fist of Ben Battiah.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Nephew of R. Johanan b. Zakkai, one of the leaders of the terrorists during the siege of Jerusalem by the Romans. He was a big man physically.');"><sup>28</sup></span>

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64

זו לא שמעתי כיוצא בה שמעתי

Said R'Jose: And this [fist] is as large as a big head of a man.

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65

דתנן

If [the light-hole], however, was made by the agency of man, [the Sages] fixed the size to be as large as a hole made with the large [carpenter's borer kept in the Temple cell,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For purposes of Temple repair.');"><sup>29</sup></span>

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66

השדרה והגולגולת שחסרו

which is as large as an Italian dupondium<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Glos.');"><sup>30</sup></span>

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67

כמה חסרון בשדרה ולא יהא מטמא באהל

or as large as a Neronian sela'.

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68

בש"א

And it<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The sela' or the Dupondium.');"><sup>31</sup></span>

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69

שתי חוליות וב"ה אומרים

has

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70

חוליא אחת

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71

ובגולגולת ב"ש אומרים

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72

כמלא מקדח וב"ה אומרים

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73

כדי שינטל מן החי וימות

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74

ויתיב רב חסדא וקמיבעיא ליה

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75

כדי שינטל מן החי וכמה

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76

א"ל רב תחליפא בר אבודימי הכי אמר שמואל

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77

כסלע

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78

ואיתמר רב ספרא אמר

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79

שמעתתא א"ל ורב שמואל בר יהודה אמר

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80

מתניתא א"ל וסימניך

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81

תני רב שמואל בר יהודה

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82

וא"ל

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83

א"כ עשיתה דברי ב"ש ודברי ב"ה אחד

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84

דתנן

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85

מאור שלא נעשה בידי אדם שיעורו מלא אגרוף גדול וזהו אגרופו של בן אבטיח

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86

א"ר יוסי

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87

וישנו כראש גדול של אדם

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88

נעשה בידי אדם שיערוהו כמלא מקדח גדול של לשכה שהוא כפונדיון של האיטלקי וכסלע נירונית וישנו

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