Keritot 43

דפירש כי קאמר רב בדלא פירש כדתניא

where it had been separated,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Blood that had parted from the body and was collected in a vessel or was found on a loaf, may not be eaten; that which is still within the body may deliberately be consumed.');">¹</span>

דם שעל גבי ככר גוררו ואוכלו של בין השינים מוצץ ובולע ואינו חושש

whilst in the instance of Rab it had not been separated; as it has been taught: The blood found on a loaf of bread must be scraped away and the loaf may be eaten; that between the teeth may be sucked and swallowed without hesitation.

איכא דמתני לה להא דרב ששת על הדא דתניא

Some there are who report the statement of Rab Shesheth with reference to that which has been taught: I might have thought that he who drinks human milk transgresses a prohibition, and this might be supported by the following a fortiori conclusion: if the milk of an unclean animal is forbidden, although with regard to uncleanness by contact it follows the lenient ruling,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A living animal can never cause uncleanness, either itself or by any kind of secretion from it, whilst a woman is unclean through menstruation or gonorrhoea, and transmits the uncleanness to other objects.');">²</span>

יכול חלב מהלכי שתים יהא אוכלו עובר בלאו

how much more should the milk of those that walk on two legs, who follow the stringent view regarding uncleanness by contact, be forbidden! The text therefore teaches, This is unclean unto you:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XI, 29. The verse refers to unclean creeping things.');">³</span>

ודין הוא מה בהמה טמאה שהקלתה במגעה החמרתה בחלבה מהלכי שתים שהחמרתה במגען אינו דין שתחמיר בחלבן

this is unclean; human milk, however, is not unclean but clean.

ת"ל

I might exclude only milk in relation to which the law is not constant,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit. 'is not alike in all (cases) '. Viz., the milk of a clean animal is permitted, but that of an unclean one is forbidden. Blood, however, is forbidden in all cases.');">⁴</span>

(ויקרא יא, כט) וזה לכם הטמא זה טמא ואין חלב מהלכי שתים טמא אלא טהור

but not blood in relation to which the law is constant, therefore the text teaches, 'This is unclean unto you': this is unclean; human blood, however, is not unclean but clean.

אוציא את החלב שאין שוה בכל ולא אוציא הדם ששוה בכל

Upon this remarked Rab Shesheth: 'One is not even enjoined to refrain from it'.

ת"ל

We have learnt elsewhere: The heart must be torn and its blood removed; if he had not torn it, he has nevertheless not transgressed.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., he has not transgressed the law relating to blood by eating the heart whole; Hul. 109a.');">⁵</span>

וזה לכם הטמא זה טמא ואין דם מהלכי שתים טמא אלא טהור

Said R'Zera in the name of Rab: This holds good only with regard to the heart of a fowl which is not as big as an olive's bulk in all; the heart of a beast, however, which comprises an olive's bulk, is forbidden and [whoso eats it] incurs the penalty of kareth.

א"ל רב ששת

An objection was raised: [It has been taught:] The blood of the spleen or of the heart or of the kidneys, or of any other limb is subject to a prohibition; the blood of those that walk on two legs or that of reptiles and creeping things is forbidden, but one is not liable for it!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. supra 21b. This is in contradiction to Rab, for it states that the blood of the heart - and it obviously speaks of cattle-is subject to a prohibition, whilst Rab holds it is subject to kareth.');">⁶</span>

אפילו מצות פרוש אין בו

- That which is there taught<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus the version of Tosaf.; cur. edd. add here: 'That one is not liable for it'. This version seems incorrect for this expression is used in the second clause and not in relation to the blood of the heart.');">⁷</span>

תנן התם

refers to the blood within;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., the blood which is contained in the walls of the heart.');">⁸</span>

הלב קורעו ומוציא את דמו לא קרעו אינו עובר עליו

Rab, however, refers to blood that came from elsewhere.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And is now collected in the heart chambers.');">⁹</span>

א"ר זירא אמר רב

But is not the blood within identical With the blood of a limb?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Its enumeration is thus superfluous.');">¹⁰</span>

ל"ש אלא בלב עוף הואיל ואין בו כזית אבל לב בהמה דיש בו כזית אסור וחייבין עליו כרת

- And even according to you, is not the blood of the kidneys men tioned in addition to the blood of a limb?

מיתיבי

You must thus admit that the one is stated and then the other;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Even though one is redundant.');">¹¹</span>

דם הטחול דם הלב דם הכליות דם אברים הרי אלו בלא תעשה

then say here, too, that the one is stated and then the other.

דם מהלכי שתים דם שקצים ורמשים אסור ואין חייבין עליו

[It says:] 'From elsewhere' - From where? - Said R'Zera: It absorbs it with the last breath.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The last beat of the heart before the animal's death fills the chambers of the heart with blood from the arteries.');">¹²</span>

כי קתני אין חייבין עליו על דם דיליה כי קאמר רב דאתי ליה מעלמא

OF THE BLOOD [OF THE ARTERIES] WHEREBY LIFE ESCAPES, HE IS LIABLE.

דם דיליה היינו דם אברים

It has been stated: What is the definition of 'the blood of arteries upon which life depends'?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is identical with the expression 'the blood whereby life escapes' used in our MISHNAH:');">¹³</span>

וליטעמיך מי לא קתני דם כליות וקתני דם אברים

R'Johanan says: That which gushes forth; Resh Lakish says: From the black drop onward.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus literally. Rashi explains that when the arteries are cut the escaping blood is at first dark and then red. In its second stage it begins after a while to gush forth with force and when the pressure had ceased the stream weakens and the blood oozes gently. There is thus at the beginning as well as the end a period when the blood escapes in a gentle flow. According to R. Johanan, only the blood that escapes with force is considered the life blood; according to Resh Lakish it is all blood that escapes after the last black drop even when flowing gently.');">¹⁴</span>

אלא תני והדר תני ה"נ תני והדר תני

An objection was raised: Which is the blood of arteries whereby life escapes?

מעלמא מהיכא אתי ליה

That which gushes forth, to the exclusion of secondary blood, because it flows gently.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Tosef. Zeb. VIII.');">¹⁵</span>

א"ר זירא

May we not assume that the first as well as the last blood that flow gently<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Even though it escaped after the last black drop. The first and the last blood means that which flows out gently before and after the gushing blood.');">¹⁶</span>

בשעה שהנשמה יוצאה מישרף שריף:

are regarded as secondary blood; and this is then in contradiction to Resh Lakish? - No, only the blackened blood is excluded, but the first and the last blood, though flowing gently, are regarded as life blood.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'Life blood' and 'the blood whereby life escapes' are identical expressions.');">¹⁷</span>

דם שהנשמה יוצאה בו חייבין עליו:

An objection was raised: Which is regarded as life blood?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus in MS; cur. edd. read erroneously 'first blood'.');">¹⁸</span>

איתמר

That which gushes forth, to the exclusion of the first and last blood, which flow gently.

איזהו דם הקזה שהנשמה תלויה בו

This is in contradiction to Resh Lakish! - He might retort: Tannaim differ on this point, as has been taught: Which is regarded as life blood?

רבי יוחנן אמר

That which gushes forth.

כל זמן שמקלח ר"ל אמר

This is the view of R'Eliezer.

מטיפה המשחרת ואילך

R'Simeon holds: From the black drop onward.

מיתיבי

The School of R'Ishmael taught: The text 'And drink the blood of the slain':<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Num. XXIII, 24. The text implies that the blood that issues from persons already slain (dead) may be regarded as a liquid with regard to qualification for uncleanness; 'life blood', however, does not qualify.');">¹⁹</span>

איזהו דם הקזה שהנשמה יוצאה בו

excludes the gushing blood from rendering plants susceptible to uncleanness.

כל זמן שמקלח יצא דם התמצית מפני שהוא שותת

R'Jeremiah put the following query before R'Zera: What is the law if one drew blood from an animal and received it in two vessels?

מאי לאו אפילו ראשון ואחרון דשותת הוא כדם התמצית דמי

For [the blood which is] in the first vessel, according to all views one is liable;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For it contains blood which streamed out with force.');">²⁰</span>

תיובתא דר"ל

but what of that in the second; is one liable for it or not? - He replied: Therein differ R'Johanan and Resh Lakish, as has been stated: If one drew blood from an animal and received it in two vessels, Resh Lakish says: He is liable to two sin-offerings;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' One for each vessel, provided it was consumed in two different spells of unawareness of sin.');">²¹</span>

לא למעוטי דם המשחיר אבל דם ראשון ואחרון אף על גב דהוא שותת היינו דם הנפש

R'Johanan says: He is liable to one sin-offering only.

מיתיבי

R'JUDAH HOLDS, HE IS LIABLE FOR SECONDARY BLOOD.

איזהו דם ראשון

Said R'Eleazar: R'Judah admits, however, with reference to atonement, for it is written: For it is the blood that maketh atonement by reason of the life:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XVII, 11. 'By reason of the life' is interpreted as referring to life blood.');">²²</span>

כל זמן שמקלח יצא ראשון ואחרון מפני שהוא שותת

the blood whereby life escapes causes atonement, the blood whereby life does not escape does not cause atonement.

תיובתיה דר"ל

Said Rab Nahman B'Isaac: We have also learnt in confirmation thereof, for it has been taught: [It would have sufficed had the text stated,] Blood, why does it say, Any manner of blood?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. v. 10 which deals with the prohibition of blood. As the following sentence makes reference to the blood of sacrifices, which causes atonement, I might have thought that the whole prohibition was confined to such blood.');">²³</span>

אמר לך

Because Scripture reads: 'For it is the blood that maketh atonement by reason of the life'; from this we only learn that the blood of consecrated animals whereby life escapes and which makes atonement, [is forbidden], whence do we know that blood of unconsecrated animals and secondary blood [are forbidden]?

תנאי היא דתניא

Because it reads: 'Any manner of blood'.

איזהו דם הנפש

And [it is established that] an anonymous [tradition in the] Sifra<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Glos.');">²⁴</span>

כל זמן שמקלח דברי ר"א

represents the view of R'Judah.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. 'Er. 96b. We thus find that R. Judah admits that only the blood that gushes forth with force brings about atonement.');">²⁵</span>

ר"ש אומר

<big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>FOR DOUBTFUL MISAPPROPRIATION OF SACRED PROPERTY R'AKIBA DECLARES ONE LIABLE TO A SUSPENSIVE GUILT-OFFERING; WHILE THE SAGES DECLARE HIM EXEMPT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Sages hold that only those transgressions that are subject to a sin-offering in the case of certain offences involve a suspensive guilt-offering in the case of doubt. Sacrilege, however, is subject to an ordinary guilt-offering.');">²⁶</span>

מטיפה המשחרת ואילך

R'AKIBA, HOWEVER, ADMITS THAT HE NEED NOT MAKE RESTITUTION<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Lev. V, 15-16.');">²⁷</span>

תנא דבי רבי ישמעאל

UNTIL HE BECOMES AWARE [OF HIS TRESPASS], WHEN HE MUST BRING WITH IT AN UNCONDITIONAL GUILT-OFFERING.

(במדבר כג, כד) ודם חללים ישתה פרט לדם קילוח שאינו מכשיר את הזרעים

SAID R'TARFON: WHEREFORE SHOULD HE BRING TWO GUILT-OFFERINGS?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., at first a suspensive guilt-offering and then, should the trespass be established, an ordinary guilt-offering.');">²⁸</span>

בעא מיניה ר' ירמיה מרבי זירא

LET HIM RATHER RESTORE THE CAPITAL TOGETHER WITH THE FIFTH, OFFER A GUILT-OFFERING OF THE VALUE OF TWO SELA'S<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Two silver shekels is the minimum amount to be spent for the offering, because the text (Lev. V, 15) speaks of silver shekels in the plural.');">²⁹</span>

הקיז דם לבהמה וקיבל דמה בשני כוסות מהו

AND STIPULATE: IF I DID COMMIT SACRILEGE, HERE IS MY RESTITUTION AND THIS MY GUILT-OFFERING; AND IF THE SACRILEGE WAS DOUBTFUL, LET THE MONEY BE A FREEWILL GIFT AND THE [OFFERING A] SUSPENSIVE GUILT-OFFERING; SINCE THAT WHICH IS OFFERED FOR A KNOWN [TRESPASS] IS OF THE SAME KIND AS THAT OFFERED FOR A DOUBTFUL ONE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., in both instances a ram is to be offered.');">³⁰</span>

על הראשון דברי הכל חייב על האחרון מי מיחייב או לא

SAID R'AKIBA: HIS<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Tarfon's.');">³¹</span>

א"ל

WORDS SEEM PLAUSIBLE IN THE CASE OF A MINOR MISAPPROPRIATION; BUT IF HIS DOUBT RELATED TO THE MISAPPROPRIATION OF A HUNDRED MANEHS, WOULD IT NOT BE MORE ADVANTAGEOUS FOR HIM TO BRING A GUILT-OFFERING<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Viz., one for doubtful sins; and should it afterwards be established that the trespass was certain, he will bring another ordinary guilt-offering. The risk amounts to two sela's only, whilst according to R. Tarfon he might lose a hundred muneh2.');">³²</span>

פלוגתא דר' יוחנן ור"ל

FOR TWO SELA'S RATHER THAN RESTORE OUT OF DOUBT THE SUM OF A HUNDRED MANEHS?

דאיתמר

R'AKIBA INDEED AGREES WITH R'TARFON IN THE CASE OF A MINOR MISAPPROPRIATION.

הקיז דם לבהמה וקיבל דמה בשני כוסות ר"ל אמר

חייב שתי חטאות ורבי יוחנן אמר

אינו חייב אלא אחת:

רבי יהודה מחייב בדם התמצית:

א"ר אלעזר

מודה ר' יהודה לענין כפרה שנאמר

(ויקרא יז, יא) כי הדם הוא בנפש יכפר דם שהנפש יוצאה בו מכפר ושאין הנפש יוצאה בו אינו מכפר

אמר ר"נ בר יצחק

אף אנן נמי תנינא

דתניא

דם מה ת"ל (ויקרא יז, י) כל דם

לפי שנאמר

כי הדם הוא בנפש יכפר אין לי אלא דם קדשים שהנפש יוצאה בו שהוא מכפר דם חולין ודם התמצית מנין

ת"ל

כל דם

סתם סיפרא מני

ר' יהודה היא:

<big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> ר"ע מחייב על ספק מעילה אשם תלוי וחכמים פוטרים

ומודה ר' עקיבא שאינו מביא את מעילתו עד שיתודע לו שיביא עמו אשם ודאי

א"ר טרפון

מה לזה מביא שתי אשמות

אלא מביא מעילה וחומשה ויביא אשם בשני סלעים ויאמר

אם ודאי מעלתי זו מעילתי וזו אשמי ואם ספק מעלתי המעות נדבה ואשם תלוי שממין שהוא מביא על הודע מביא על לא הודע

אמר רבי עקיבא

נראין דבריו במעילה מעוטה הרי שיבוא לידו ספק מעילה במאה מנה לא יפה לו שיביא אשם בשתי סלעים ולא יביא ספק מעילה במאה מנה

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