Kiddushin 163

הכל לשם שמים:

All [is to be done] for the sake of Heaven.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To show my affection for my daughter's little girl.');">¹</span> <big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>AN UNMARRIED MAN MUST NOT BE AN ELEMENTARY TEACHER,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [The text is difficult. Rashi takes it as an elliptical phrase 'An unmarried man shall not train himself to be a teacher of children; Krauss, T.A. p. 217, suggests: An unmarried man shall not teach as assistant to the Bible teacher; v. also Low, L. Gesammelte Schriften III. p. 17, n. 1.]');">²</span> NOR MAY A WOMAN BE AN ELEMENTARY TEACHER'R'ELEAZAR SAID: ONE ALSO WHO HAS NO WIFE MUST NOT BE AN ELEMENTARY TEACHER.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is discussed in the GEMARA:');">³</span> R'JUDAH SAID: AN UNMARRIED MAN MUST NOT TEND CATTLE, NOR MAY TWO UNMARRIED MEN SLEEP TOGETHER UNDER THE SAME COVER,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'cloak'.');">⁴</span>

<big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> לא ילמד אדם רווק סופרים ולא תלמד אשה סופרים רבי אלעזר אומר אף מי שאין לו אשה לא ילמד סופרים ר' יהודה אומר לא ירעה רווק בהמה ולא יישנו שני רווקין בטלית אחת וחכמים מתירים

BUT THE SAGES PERMIT IT. <big><b>GEMARA: </b></big>What is the reason? Shall we say, on account of the children?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Whom they teach - is it feared that they will commit pederasty with them?');">⁵</span> surely it was taught: Said they to R'Judah, Israel are not suspected of either pederasty or bestiality? - But an unmarried man [is forbidden] on account of the children's mothers, and a woman on account of their fathers.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The children were brought to school by their parents.');">⁶</span>

<big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> מאי טעמא אילימא משום ינוקי והתניא אמרו לו לר' יהודה לא נחשדו ישראל על משכב זכור ולא על הבהמה אלא רווק משום אמהתא דינוקי אשה משום אבהתא דינוקי

R'ELEAZAR SAID: ONE ALSO WHO HAS NO WIFE. The scholars propounded: [Does it mean,] one who has no wife at all,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., a widower.');">⁷</span> or whose wife does not live with him? - Come and hear: Also one who has a wife but she does not live with him may not be an elementary teacher. R'JUDAH SAID: AN UNMARRIED MAN MUST NOT TEND etc. It was taught: They said to R'Judah: Israel is suspected of neither pederasty nor bestiality.

ר' אלעזר אומר אף מי שאין כו' איבעיא להו מי שאין לו אשה כלל או דלמא בשאינה שרויה אצלו תא שמע אף מי שיש לו ואינה שרויה אצלו לא ילמד סופרים

<big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>ONE WHOSE BUSINESS IS WITH WOMEN MUST NOT BE ALONE WITH WOMEN;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Even many, because he is intimate with them.');">⁸</span> AND ONE SHOULD NOT TEACH HIS SON A WOMAN'S TRADE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., a trade in women's requirements.');">⁹</span> R'MEIR SAID: ONE SHOULD ALWAYS TEACH HIS SON A CLEAN AND EASY CRAFT, AND PRAY TO HIM TO WHOM [ALL] WEALTH AND PROPERTY BELONG. FOR NO CRAFT DOES NOT CONTAIN [THE POTENTIALITIES OF] POVERTY AND WEALTH, FOR NEITHER POVERTY NOR WEALTH IS DUE TO THE CRAFT, BUT ALL DEPENDS ON ONES MERIT.

ר' יהודה אומר לא ירעה כו' תניא אמרו לו לרבי יהודה לא נחשדו ישראל על משכב זכור ולא על הבהמה

R'SIMEON B. ELEAZAR SAID: HAVE YOU EVER SEEN A WILD BEAST OR A BIRD WITH A CRAFT? YET THEY ARE SUSTAINED WITHOUT ANXIETY. NOW, THEY WERE CREATED ONLY TO SERVE ME, WHILE I WAS CREATED TO SERVE MY MASTER: SURELY THEN I SHOULD MAKE A LIVING WITHOUT ANXIETY! BUT BECAUSE I HAVE ACTED EVILLY AND DESTROYED MY LIVELIHOOD.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Much of man's troubles are of his own making. - 'I have acted evilly' states this general truth, and is not to be confused with the doctrine of Original Sin, which is foreign to Judaism.');">¹⁰</span> ABBA GURION OF ZADIAN<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Identified with Bethsaida in Galilee, v. Klein, MGWJ. 1915, p. 167.]');">¹¹</span>

<big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> כל שעסקיו עם הנשים לא יתיחד עם הנשים ולא ילמד אדם את בנו אומנות הנשים רבי מאיר אומר לעולם ילמד אדם את בנו אומנות נקיה וקלה ויתפלל למי שהעושר והנכסים שלו שאין אומנות שאין בה עניות ועשירות שלא עניות מן האומנות ולא עשירות מן האומנות אלא הכל לפי זכותו

SAID ON THE AUTHORITY OF ABBA GURIA: ONE SHOULD NOT TEACH HIS SON [TO BE] AN ASS-DRIVER, CAMEL-DRIVER, WAGGONER,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [In the separate editions of the Mishnah: a barber.]');">¹²</span> SAILOR, SHEPHERD, OR SHOPKEEPER, BECAUSE THEIR PROFESSION IS THE PROFESSION OF ROBBERS.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' They lend themselves to fraud. - Drivers, because when sent on long journeys they hire themselves to others in time that is not their own; shepherds, because they lead their flocks into others' fields; shopkeepers, because it is easy to supply adulterated goods. - This probably reflects the actual state of the times.');">¹³</span> R'JUDAH SAID IN HIS NAME:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Abba Guria's.');">¹⁴</span> MOST ASS-DRIVERS ARE WICKED,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As explained in the previous note.');">¹⁵</span>

רבי שמעון בן אלעזר אומר ראית מימיך חיה ועוף שיש להם אומנות והן מתפרנסין שלא בצער והלא לא נבראו אלא לשמשני ואני נבראתי לשמש את קוני אינו דין שאתפרנס שלא בצער אלא שהורעתי מעשי וקפחתי את פרנסתי

WHILE MOST CAMEL-DRIVERS ARE WORTHY MEN;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Their way lies through the desert, the awe of which leads to humility and a Godfearing spirit.');">¹⁶</span> AND MOST SAILORS ARE PIOUS.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The dangers of the sea turn their thoughts to God.');">¹⁷</span> THE BEST OF DOCTORS ARE DESTINED FOR GEHENNA,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Rashi: being unafraid of sickness they are haughty before the Almighty. Again, their treatment is sometimes fatal; while on the other hand, by refusing treatment to the poor they may indirectly cause their death; or it is probable that it is not directed against healing as such, but against the 'advanced' views held by physicians in those days, (v. Jewish Chronicle, 1-3-35.)');">¹⁸</span> AND THE WORTHIEST OF BUTCHERS IS AMALEK'S PARTNER.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When they have animals of doubtful fitness for food they grudge their loss and sell them as fit.');">¹⁹</span>

אבא גוריין איש צדיין אומר משום אבא גוריא לא ילמד אדם את בנו חמר גמל קדר ספן רועה וחנוני שאומנותן אומנות ליסטים רבי יהודה אומר משמו החמרין רובן רשעים והגמלין רובן כשרין הספנין רובן חסידים טוב שברופאים לגיהנם והכשר שבטבחים שותפו של עמלק

R'NEHORAI SAID: I ABANDON EVERY TRADE IN THE WORLD AND TEACH MY SON TORAH ONLY, FOR MAN ENJOYS THE REWARD THEREOF IN THIS WORLD WHILE THE PRINCIPAL REMAINS TO HIM FOR THE WORLD TO COME. BUT ALL OTHER PROFESSIONS ARE NOT SO; FOR WHEN A MAN COMES TO SICKNESS OR OLD AGE OR SUFFERING AND CANNOT ENGAGE IN HIS CRAFT, HE MUST DIE OF STARVATION, WHEREAS THE TORAH IS NOT SO, FOR IT GUARDS HIM FROM ALL EVIL IN HIS YOUTH AND GIVES HIM A FUTURE AND HOPE IN HIS OLD AGE. OF HIS YOUTH WHAT IS SAID? BUT THEY THAT WAIT UPON THE LORD SHALL RENEW THEIR STRENGTH;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Isa. XL, 31.');">²⁰</span>

רבי נהוראי אומר מניח אני כל אומנות שבעולם ואיני מלמד את בני אלא תורה שאדם אוכל משכרה בעולם הזה והקרן קיימת לו לעולם הבא ושאר כל אומנות אינן כן כשאדם בא לידי חולי או לידי זקנה או לידי יסורין ואינו יכול לעסוק במלאכתו הרי הוא מת ברעב אבל התורה אינה כן אלא משמרתו מכל רע בנערותו ונותנת לו אחרית ותקוה בזקנותו

OF HIS OLD AGE WHAT IS SAID? THEY SHALL STILL BRING FORTH FRUIT IN OLD AGE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ps. XCII, 15.');">²¹</span> AND THUS IT IS SAID OF OUR FATHER ABRAHAM, AND ABRAHAM WAS OLD. AND THE LORD BLESSED ABRAHAM WITH EVERYTHING.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gen. XXIV, 1.');">²²</span>

בנערותו מהו אומר (ישעיהו מ, לא) וקוי ה' יחליפו כח בזקנותו מהו אומר (תהלים צב, טו) עוד ינובון בשיבה וכן הוא אומר באברהם אבינו (בראשית כד, א) ואברהם זקן וה' ברך את אברהם בכל מצינו שעשה אברהם אבינו את כל התורה כולה עד שלא ניתנה שנאמ' (בראשית כו, ה) עקב אשר שמע אברהם בקולי וישמור משמרתי מצותי חוקותי ותורותי

WE FIND THAT OUR FATHER ABRAHAM OBSERVED THE WHOLE TORAH BEFORE IT WAS GIVEN, FOR IT IS SAID, BECAUSE THAT ABRAHAM OBEYED MY VOICE, AND KEPT MY CHARGE, MY COMMANDMENTS, MY STATUTES, AND MY LAWS.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XXVI, 5.');">²³</span> <big><b>GEMARA: </b></big>Our Rabbis taught: He whose business is with women has a bad character. E.g. , goldsmiths,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who make trinkets for women.');">²⁴</span> carders,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who comb wool for women's garments.');">²⁵</span> [handmill] cleaners,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Used by housewives.');">²⁶</span>

<big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> תנו רבנן כל שעסקיו עם הנשים סורו רע כגון הצורפים והסריקים והנקורות והרוכלין והגרדיים והספרים והכובסים והגרע והבלן והבורסקי אין מעמידים מהם לא מלך ולא כהן גדול מאי טעמא לא משום דפסילי אלא משום דזיל אומנותיהו

pedlars, wool-dressers, barbers,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Women take their children to them.');">²⁷</span> launderers, bloodletters,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'a scraper', one who makes incisions in the skin to draw off blood.');">²⁸</span> bath attendants and tanners. Of these neither a king nor a High Priest may be appointed.

תנו רבנן עשרה דברים נאמרו בגרע מהלך על צידו ורוחו גסה ונתלה ויושב ועינו צרה ועינו רעה אוכל הרבה ומוציא קימעא וחשוד על העריות ועל הגזל ועל שפיכות דמים

What is the reason? Not because they are unfit, but because their profession is mean. Our Rabbis taught: Ten things were said of a blood-letter. He walks on his side,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., haughtily, putting on 'side'.');">²⁹</span>

דרש בר קפרא לעולם ילמד אדם את בנו אומנות נקיה וקלה מאי היא אמר רב יהודה

has a conceited spirit, and leans back<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'suspends himself.');">³⁰</span> when sitting, has a grudging eye and an evil eye;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' He is miserly, and casts an evil eye upon people, so that they should need his services.');">³¹</span> he eats much and excretes little;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [Because he joins his patients at the meals which follow the operation, and which must be the best food.]');">³²</span> and he is suspected of adultery, robbery<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [His women patients rob their husbands in order to pay him for his services.]');">³³</span> and bloodshed.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [By drawing off too much blood.]');">³⁴</span> Bar Kappara taught: One should always teach his son a clean and easy craft. What is it? - Said Rab Judah: