Pesachim 105

משיגריעו והזיתים משיניצו ושאר כל האילנות משיוציאו ואמר רב אסי הוא בוסר הוא גירוע הוא פול הלבן פול הלבן סלקא דעתך אלא אימא שיעורו כפול הלבן

from when they form kernels;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Or, ovules containing moisture (v. Jast. s.v. II) .');">¹</span> olive trees, from when they blossom;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., when their blossoms, a calyx-like growth, come forth.');">²</span> and all other trees, from when they bring forth. Now R'Assi said thereon: Boser [half-ripe fruit], girua' [formation of kernels], and the white bean are identical.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'that is boser, that is' etc. I.e., the three terms indicate the same stage. The Mishnah often speaks of these.');">³</span>

ומאן שמעת ליה דאמר בוסר אין סמדר לא רבנן וקתני שאר כל האילנות משיוציאו אלא רבי אילעאי בדניסחני קץ

'The white bean can you think so!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' We are discussing the vine!');">⁴</span> - Rather, say, its size is that of the white bean. Now, whom do you know to maintain that boser is fruit, but not semadar? The Rabbis.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For R. Jose maintains that even semadar, which denotes an earlier stage, is fruit.');">⁵</span>

תנו רבנן אוכלין בענבים עד שיכלו דליות של אוכל אם יש מאוחרות מהן אוכלין עליהן

Yet it is stated, 'and al other trees, from when they bring forth? '<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus they agree with R. Jose in respect to other trees.');">⁶</span> - Rather, R'Ilai cut down nishane.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Stunted dates of palms whose fruit never matures.');">⁷</span> Our Rabbis taught: One may eat grapes [of the Sabbatical year] until the espalier branches of okel<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cur. ed. 'Ar. (also quoted by Rashi) reads: Abel, i.e., the branches of Abel Cheramim (lit., 'the palm of the vine-yards' - v. Jud. XI, 33) , situate six or seven Roman miles from Philadelphia (Rabbath-Ammon) , and as its name implies, famous for its vineyards; v. J.E. s.v.');">⁸</span> are finished.

אוכלים בזיתים עד שיכלה אחרון שבתקוע ר' אליעזר אומר עד שיכלה אחרון של גוש חלב כדי שיהא עני יוצא ואינו מוצא לא בנופו ולא בעיקרו רובע אוכלין בגרוגרות עד שיכלו פגי בית היני

If there are later ones than these, one may eat [in reliance] on them.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., as long as they are yet on the branches.');">⁹</span> One may eat olives until the last of Tekoa<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A city of southern Judea often mentioned in the Bible (e.g., II Sam. XIV, 2f; Amos I, 1; II Chron. XI, 6) , and famous for the abundance of its olives, v. Men. 85b.');">¹⁰</span> is finished. R'Eliezer said: Until the last of Gush-Heleb<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'fat ground', (Gush-heleb) or Giscala in Galilee, not far from Tyre (Neub. Geogr. p. 230) , was rich in oil; Josephus, Vita, 13; Men. 85b; v. J.E. s.v. Giscala.');">¹¹</span>

אמר רבי יהודה לא הוזכרו פגי בית היני אלא לענין מעשר (דתנן) פגי בית היני ואהיני דטובינא חייבין במעשר:

is finished, so that a poor man should go out and not find a quarter<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., a log.');">¹²</span> either on the branches or on the stem. One may eat dried figs until the unripe figs [pagge] of Beth Hini<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Bethania, near Jerusalem; v. Neub. op. cit., 149f. Pagge are probably a species of figs that never reach full maturity, but are nevertheless fit for eating.');">¹³</span> are finished.

אוכלין בתמרים עד שיכלה האחרון שבצוער רשב"ג אומר אוכלין על של בין הכיפין ואין אוכלין על של בין השיצין

Said R'Judah: The unripe figs of Beth Hini were not mentioned except in connection with tithe, for we learned,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'We learned' is absent in this passage as quoted in 'Er. 28b. [It is a Baraitha (Tosef. Sheb. VII) and not a MISHNAH:]');">¹⁴</span> The unripe figs of Beth Hini and the dates<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ahina (pl. ahini) is a species of late and inferior dates.');">¹⁵</span> of Tobanya<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Name of a certain place.');">¹⁶</span> are subject to tithe.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' But these figs do not determine the time for the removal of figs.');">¹⁷</span>

ורמינהי אוכלין בענבים עד הפסח בזיתים עד העצרת בגרוגרות עד החנוכה בתמרים עד הפורים ואמר רב ביבי ר' יוחנן תרתי בתרייתא מחליף אידי ואידי חד שיעורא הוא ואי בעית אימא הא קתני בהדיא אם יש מאוחרות מהן אוכלין עליהן

'One may eat dates until the last in Zoar is finished; R'Simeon B'Gamaliel said: One may eat [in reliance] on those that are among the upper [overarching] branches, but you may not eat [in reliance] on those that are among the single prickly branches.' But the following contradicts this: One may eat grapes until Passover; olives until Pentecost; dried figs until Hanukkah;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Feast of Lights, commencing on the twenty-fifth of Kislev and lasting for eight days. It generally fails in the latter half of December.');">¹⁸</span> [and] dates until Purim.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' 'Lots' - the minor Festival in celebration of Haman's downfall. It is held on the fourteenth of Adar, and generally occurs in March.');">¹⁹</span> Now R'Bibi said, R'Johanan transposes the last two!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., dried figs until Purim, and dates until Hanukkah. By then the various kinds mentioned have disappeared from the field; thus this conflicts with the previous statement.');">²⁰</span>

תניא רבן שמעון בן גמליאל אומר סימן להרים מילין סימן לעמקים דקלים סימן לנחלים קנים סימן לשפלה שקמה ואף על פי שאין ראיה לדבר זכר לדבר שנאמר (מלכים א י, כז) ויתן המלך את הכסף בירושלים כאבנים ואת הארזים נתן כשקמים אשר בשפלה לרוב

- Both are one [the same] limit. Alternatively, surely it is explicitly taught, 'If there are later ones than these, one may eat [in reliance] on them.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus even if these are different time-limits, the later one is stated in accordance with this teaching.');">²¹</span> It was taught, R'Simeon B'Gamaliel said: An indication of mountainous country is [the presence of] millin;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Milla pl. millin, a species of oak from which the gall-nut is collected (quercus infectoria) . Jast.');">²²</span> an indication of valleys is palm trees; an indication of streams is reeds; an indication of lowlands i the sycamore tree.

סימן להרים מילין סימן לעמקים דקלים נפקא מינה לבכורים דתנן אין מביאין בכורים אלא משבעת המינין ולא מדקלים שבהרים ולא מפירות שבעמקים

And though there is no proof of the matter, there is an allusion to the matter, for it is sai And the king made silver to be in Jerusalem as stones, and cedars made he to be as the sycamore trees that are in the lowland, for abundance.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I Kings X, 27.');">²³</span> 'An indication of mountainous country is [the presence of] millin; an indication of valleys is palm trees.' The practical difference is in respect of first fruits. For we learned: First fruits are not brought of any save seven species,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Enumerated in Deut. VIII, 8; a land of wheat and barley, and vines and fig trees and pomegranates; a land of olive trees and honey.');">²⁴</span>

סימן לנחלים קנים נפקא מינה לנחל איתן סימן לשפלה שקמה נפקא מינה למקח וממכר השתא דאתית להכי כולהו נמי למקח וממכר:

nor of the palm trees in the highlands nor of the fruits in the valleys.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because these are of inferior quality. The same idea is expressed by R. Simeon b. Gamaliel when he says that palm trees are an indication of valleys, i.e., the best grow in the valleys. His other statements bear a similar meaning.');">²⁵</span> 'An indication of streams is reeds.' The practical difference is in respect of the rough valley' [nahal ethan].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Deut. XXI,4 . Nahal is a stream which in summer dries up and leaves a valley bed. The presence of reeds along the margin of the valley indicates that this is a fitting place for the purpose.');">²⁶</span> 'An indication of lowlands is the sycamore tree.'

<big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> מקום שנהגו למכור בהמה דקה לנכרים מוכרין מקום שלא נהגו למכור אין מוכרין ובכל מקום אין מוכרין להם בהמה גסה עגלים וסייחין שלמין ושבורין ר' יהודה מתיר בשבורה בן בתירא מתיר בסוס

The practical difference is in respect of buying and selling.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If a man sells a lowland estate it must contain sycamores (Rashi) . Or, if a man sells sycamore trees, guaranteeing them to be of the best quality, they must be from lowland country.');">²⁷</span> Now that you have arrived at this, all the [others] too are in respect of buying and selling. <big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>WHERE IT IS THE PRACTICE TO SELL SMALL CATTLE<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' E.g., sheep and goats.');">²⁸</span> TO HEATHENS, ONE MAY SELL; WHERE IT IS THE PRACTICE NOT TO SELL,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For fear that large cattle too may be sold to them; v. n. 5.');">²⁹</span>

מקום שנהגו לאכול צלי בלילי פסחים אוכלין מקום שנהגו שלא לאכול אין אוכלין:

ONE MAY NOT SELL. AND IN ALL PLACES ONE MAY NOT SELL LARGE CATTLE TO THEM, [NOR] CALVES OR FOALS, WHETHER SOUND OR MAIMED.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Large cattle, because they are thereby deprived of the Sabbath rest (v. A.Z. 15a) ; calves or foals, being the young of large cattle, as a preventive measure; maimed, likewise as a preventive measure on account of whole animals.');">³⁰</span> R'JUDAH PERMITS IN THE CASE OF A MAIMED [ONE].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because it is unfit for work and will immediately be killed for food. Therefore the few will not see it in the heathen's possession, and so will not come to sell him others too.');">³¹</span> THE SON OF BATHYRA PERMITTED IT IN THE CASE OF A HORSE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The main use of a horse is for riding, and riding on the Sabbath, even by a Jew, is not regarded as Scripturally forbidden but merely as a shebuth (v. Glos.) .');">³²</span>

<big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> אמר רב יהודה אמר רב אסור לו לאדם שיאמר בשר זה לפסח הוא מפני שנראה כמקדיש בהמתו ואוכל קדשים בחוץ אמר רב פפא דוקא בשר אבל חיטי לא דמינטר לפסחא קאמר

WHERE IT IS THE CUSTOM TO EAT ROAST [MEAT] ON THE NIGHT OF PASSOVER, ONE MAY EAT[IT]; WHERE IT IS THE CUSTOM NOT TO EAT [IT],<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This means after the destruction of the Temple. While the Temple stood the Passover sacrifice was eaten roast (Ex. XII, 8) . Consequently, when the Temple was no more it became the practice to refrain from eating roast meat on the night of Passover, so that it should not appear that a sacrifice was brought without the Temple, which is forbidden.');">³³</span> ONE MAY NOT EAT [IT]. <big><b>GEMARA: </b></big>Rab Judah said in Rab's name: A man is forbidden to say, 'This meat shall be for Passover,' because it looks as though he is sanctifying his animal and eating sacred flesh without [the Temple]. Said R'Papa: This applies only to meat, but not to wheat, because he means, It is to be guarded [from fermenting] for Passover.

ובשר לא מיתיבי אמר ר' יוסי תודוס איש רומי הנהיג את בני רומי לאכול גדיים מקולסין בלילי פסחים שלחו לו אלמלא תודוס אתה גזרנו עליך נדוי שאתה מאכיל את ישראל קדשים בחוץ קדשים סלקא דעתך אלא אימא

But not 'meat'? An objection is raised: R'Jose said, Thaddeus of Rome<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'a man of Rome'.');">³⁴</span> accustomed the Roman [Jews] to eat helmeted goats<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Goats roasted whole with the entrails and the legs on the head, like a helmet (the verb kalas denotes to put on a helmet) . That is how the Passover sacrifice was roasted, v. infra 74a.');">³⁵</span> on the nights of Passover. [Thereupon] they [the Sages] sent [a message] to him: If you were not Thaddeus, we would proclaim the ban against you, because you make Israel eat sacred flesh without [the Temple].' Sacred flesh' - can you think so?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Surely the goats were not dedicated as sacrifices.');">³⁶</span> - Rather say,