Sanhedrin 3

מתני׳ <big><strong>דיני</strong></big> ממונות בשלשה גזילות וחבלות בשלשה נזק וחצי נזק תשלומי כפל ותשלומי ארבעה וחמשה בשלשה

<b><i>MISHNAH</i></b>. MONETARY CASES [MUST BE ADJUDICATED] BY THREE JUDGES; CASES OF LARCENY AND MAYHEM,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' An assault on a person involving bodily injury, Lev. XXIV, 19. ');">¹</span> BY THREE; CLAIMS FOR FULL OR HALF DAMAGES,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Done by a goring ox, Ex. XXI, 35. ');">²</span>

האונס והמפתה והמוציא שם רע בשלשה דברי ר"מ

THE REPAYMENT OF THE DOUBLE<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXII, 3. ');">³</span> OR FOUR- OR FIVE-FOLD RESTITUTION [OF STOLEN GOODS],<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXI, 37. ');">⁴</span>

וחכמים אומרים מוציא שם רע בעשרים ושלשה מפני שיש בו דיני נפשות

BY THREE, AS MUST CASES OF RAPE<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XXII, 28-29. ');">⁵</span> SEDUCTION<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXII, 15-16. ');">⁶</span>

מכות בשלשה משום רבי ישמעאל אמרו בעשרים ושלשה

AND LIBEL;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XXII, 14ff. ');">⁷</span> SO SAYS R. MEIR. BUT THE SAGES<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Representing the opinion of teachers in general. ');">⁸</span>

עיבור החדש בשלשה עיבור השנה בשלשה דברי ר"מ רבן שמעון בן גמליאל אומר בשלשה מתחילין ובחמשה נושאין ונותנין וגומרין בשבעה ואם גמרו בג' מעוברת:

HOLD THAT A CASE OF LIBEL REQUIRES A COURT OF TWENTY-THREE SINCE IT MAY INVOLVE A CAPITAL CHARGE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For if the woman is proved guilty she is stoned. ');">⁹</span> CASES INVOLVING FLOGGING,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut.XXV, 2-3. ');">¹⁰</span>

סמיכת זקנים ועריפת עגלה בשלשה דברי ר' שמעון ר' יהודה אומר בחמשה החליצה והמיאונין בשלשה

BY THREE;IN THE NAME OF R. ISHMAEL IT IS SAID, BY TWENTY-THREE. THE INTERCALATION OF THE MONTH IS EFFECTED BY A COURT OF THREE;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 42. ');">¹¹</span>

נטע רבעי ומעשר שני שאין דמיו ידועין בשלשה ההקדשות בשלשה הערכין המטלטלים בשלשה ר' יהודה אומר אחד מהן כהן

THE INTERCALATION OF THE YEAR,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Making it 13 instead of 12 months. ');">¹²</span> BY THREE: SO R. MEIR. BUT R. SIMEON B. GAMALIEL SAYS THE MATTER IS INITIATED BY THREE, DISCUSSED BY FIVE AND DETERMINED BY SEVEN. IF HOWEVER, IT BE DETERMINED ONLY BY THREE, THE INTERCALATION HOLDS GOOD. THE LAYING OF THE ELDERS' HANDS [ON THE HEAD OF A COMMUNAL SACRIFICE]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. IV, 15. According to Maimonides, 'The Ordination of Elders'. ');">¹³</span>

והקרקעות תשעה וכהן ואדם כיוצא בהן

AND THE BREAKING OF THE HEIFER'S NECK<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XXI, 1 - 9. ');">¹⁴</span> REQUIRE THE PRESENCE OF THREE: SO SAYS R. SIMEON. ACCORDING TO R. JUDAH, FIVE. THE PERFORMANCE OF <i>HALIZAH</i>,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XXV, 5-10. V. p. 91, lit., the 'drawing off' of the shoe. ');">¹⁵</span>

דיני נפשות בעשרים ושלשה הרובע והנרבע בעשרים ושלשה שנאמר (ויקרא כ, טז) והרגת את האשה ואת הבהמה ואומר ואת הבהמה תהרוגו

AND THE DECISION AS TO <i>MI'UN</i><span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The annulment of a woman's marriage following her refusal to agree to the union contracted by her as a fatherless girl during her minority. ');">¹⁶</span> IS MADE BY THREE. THE FOURTH YEAR FRUIT<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Lev. XIX, 23-25. It could be exchanged into money and its equivalent consumed in Jerusalem. ');">¹⁷</span>

שור הנסקל בעשרים ושלשה שנאמר (שמות כא, כט) השור יסקל וגם בעליו יומת כמיתת בעלים כך מיתת השור הזאב והארי הדוב והנמר והברדלס והנחש מיתתן בעשרים ושלשה רבי אליעזר אומר כל הקודם להורגן זכה רבי עקיבא אומר מיתתן בעשרים ושלשה:

AND THE SECOND TITHE<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The tithe taken by the landowner to Jerusalem there to be consumed, as distinct from the 'first tithe' assigned to the Levites, according to Rabbinic interpretation of Deut. XIV, 22-26. ');">¹⁸</span> OF UNKNOWN VALUE ARE ASSESSED BY THREE. THE ASSESSMENT OF CONSECRATED OBJECTS FOR REDEMPTION PURPOSES IS MADE BY THREE; VALUATIONS OF MOVABLE PROPERTY<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The value of which had been vowed to the Sanctuary. ');">¹⁹</span>

אין דנין לא את השבט ולא את נביא השקר ולא את כהן גדול אלא על פי בית דין של שבעים ואחד ואין מוציאין למלחמת הרשות אלא על פי בית דין של שבעים ואחד אין מוסיפין על העיר ועל העזרות אלא על פי בית דין של שבעים ואחד אין עושין סנהדריות לשבטים אלא על פי בית דין של שבעים ואחד

BY THREE. ACCORDING TO R. JUDAH ONE OF THEM MUST BE A KOHEN;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Priest, v. Glos. ');">²⁰</span> IN THE CASE OF REAL ESTATE, BY TEN INCLUDING A KOHEN, IN THE CASE OF A PERSON, BY THE SAME NUMBER.

אין עושין עיר הנדחת אלא על פי בית דין של שבעים ואחד אין עושין עיר הנדחת בספר ולא שלש אבל עושין אחת או שתים

CAPITAL CASES ARE ADJUDICATED BY TWENTY-THREE. THE PERSON OR BEAST CHARGED WITH UNNATURAL INTERCOURSE, BY TWENTY-THREE, AS IT IS WRITTEN, THOU SHALT KILL THE WOMAN AND THE BEAST,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XX, 16. ');">²¹</span> AND ALSO, AND YE SHALL SLAY THE BEAST.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XX, 15. The procedure at the trial of the beast and the person is thus made alike. ');">²²</span>

סנהדרין גדולה היתה של שבעים ואחד וקטנה של עשרים ושלשה מנין לגדולה שהיא של שבעים ואחד שנאמר (במדבר יא, טז) אספה לי שבעים איש מזקני ישראל ומשה על גביהן ר' יהודה אומר שבעים

THE OX TO BE STONED<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If he gored a person. Ex. XXI, 28. ');">²³</span> IS TRIED BY TWENTY-THREE, AS IT IS WRITTEN, THE OX SHALL BE STONED AND ITS OWNER SHALL BE PUT TO DEATH<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXI, 29. ');">²⁴</span>

ומנין לקטנה שהיא של עשרים ושלשה שנאמר (במדבר לה, כד) ושפטו העדה והצילו העדה עדה שופטת ועדה מצלת הרי כאן עשרים

— AS THE DEATH OF THE OWNER, SO THAT OF THE OX, CAN BE DECIDED ONLY BY TWENTY-THREE. THE DEATH SENTENCE ON THE WOLF OR THE LION OR THE BEAR OR THE LEOPARD OR THE HYENA OR THE SERPENT<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which has killed a human being. ');">²⁵</span>

ומנין לעדה שהיא עשרה שנאמר (במדבר יד, כז) עד מתי לעדה הרעה הזאת יצאו יהושע וכלב

IS TO BE PASSED BY TWENTY-THREE. R. ELIEZER SAYS: WHOEVER IS FIRST TO KILL THEM [WITHOUT TRIAL], ACQUIRES MERIT, R. AKIBA, HOWEVER, HOLDS THAT THEIR DEATH IS TO BE DECIDED BY TWENTY-THREE. A TRIBE,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That has gone astray after idolworship, v. p. 76. ');">²⁶</span>

ומנין להביא עוד שלשה ממשמע שנאמר (שמות כג, ב) לא תהיה אחרי רבים לרעות שומע אני שאהיה עמהם לטובה אם כן למה נאמר אחרי רבים להטות לא כהטייתך לטובה הטייתך לרעה הטייתך לטובה על פי אחד הטייתך לרעה על פי שנים

A FALSE PROPHET<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XVIII, 20. ');">²⁷</span> AND A HIGH PRIEST CAN ONLY BE TRIED BY A COURT OF SEVENTY-ONE. WAR OF FREE CHOICE<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., all wars apart from the conquest of the seven nations inhabiting Canaan. ');">²⁸</span> CAN BE WAGED ONLY BY THE AUTHORITY OF A COURT OF SEVENTY-ONE. NO ADDITION TO THE CITY OF JERUSALEM OR THE TEMPLE COURT-YARDS CAN BE SANCTIONED SAVE BY A COURT OF SEVENTY-ONE. SMALL SANHEDRINS FOR THE TRIBES CAN BE INSTITUTED ONLY BY A COURT OF SEVENTY-ONE. NO CITY CAN BE DECLARED CONDEMNED<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Deut. XIII, 13. ');">²⁹</span> SAVE BY A DECREE OF A COURT OF SEVENTY-ONE. A FRONTIER TOWN CANNOT BE CONDEMNED NOR THREE CITIES AT A TIME,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. p. 82. ');">³⁰</span> BUT ONLY ONE OR TWO. THE GREAT SANHEDRIN CONSISTED OF SEVENTY-ONE MEMBERS; THE SMALL SANHEDRIN OF TWENTY-THREE. WHENCE DO WE DEDUCE THAT THE GREAT SANHEDRIN IS OF SEVENTY-ONE? — IT IS SAID, GATHER UNTO ME SEVENTY MEN;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Num. XI, 16. ');">³¹</span> WITH MOSES AT THEIR HEAD WE HAVE SEVENTY-ONE. R. JUDAH SAID IT CONSISTED ONLY OF SEVENTY. WHENCE DO WE KNOW THAT THE SMALL SANHEDRIN IS OF ONLY TWENTY-THREE? — IT IS SAID, AND THE 'EDAH<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] Congregation. ');">³²</span> SHALL JUDGE … AND THE 'EDAH SHALL DELIVER.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XXXV, 24. ');">³³</span> ONE 'EDAH JUDGES, [I.E. CONDEMNS] AND THE OTHER MAY DELIVER [I.E. ACQUIT], HENCE WE HAVE TWENTY. BUT HOW DO WE KNOW THAT A CONGREGATION CONSISTS OF NOT LESS THAN TEN? — IT IS WRITTEN, HOW LONG SHALL I BEAR WITH THIS EVIL 'EDAH?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. XIV, 27. Referring to the twelve spies. Ibid. XXXV, 24. ');">³⁴</span> EXCLUDING JOSHUA AND CALEB, WE HAVE TEN. AND WHENCE DO WE DERIVE THE ADDITIONAL THREE? — BY THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE TEXT, THOU SHALT NOT FOLLOW A MAJORITY FOR EVIL,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., for condemnation. Ex. XXIII, 2. ');">³⁵</span> I INFER THAT I MAY FOLLOW THEM FOR GOOD;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For acquittal. ');">³⁶</span> IF SO, WHY IS IT SAID, TO INCLINE AFTER THE MAJORITY?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ibid. ');">³⁷</span> TO TEACH THAT THE MAJORITY TO 'INCLINE AFTER' FOR GOOD [I.E. FOR A FAVOURABLE DECISION] IS NOT THE ONE TO 'INCLINE AFTER' FOR EVIL [I.E. FOR AN ADVERSE DECISION] SINCE FOR GOOD, A MAJORITY OF ONE SUFFICES; WHEREAS FOR EVIL, A MAJORITY OF TWO IS REQUIRED.