Sanhedrin 4
ואין בית דין שקול מוסיפין עליהם עוד אחד הרי כאן עשרים ושלשה
WHAT MUST BE THE POPULATION OF A TOWN TO MAKE IT ELIGIBLE FOR A [SMALL]SANHEDRIN? — ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY. R. NEHEMIA SAYS: TWO HUNDRED AND THIRTY,SO THAT EACH MEMBER SHOULD BE A RULER OF [AT LEAST]TEN.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Ex. XVIII, 25. ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
וכמה יהא בעיר ותהא ראויה לסנהדרין מאה ועשרים רבי נחמיה אומר מאתים ושלשים כנגד שרי עשרות:
<b><i>GEMARA</i></b>. Do not LARCENY AND MAYHEM come under the category ofMONETARY CASES? [Why then this specification?] R. Abbahu says: The Tannaadds here an explanatory clause, teaching that the MONETARY CASES of theMishnah refer only to LARCENY AND MAYHEM, but not to admission and transactionof loans<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Claims supported by witnesses attesting the defendant's former admission of his liability, or who were actually present at the time of the transaction. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
<big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> אטו גזילות וחבלות לאו דיני ממונות נינהו אמר רבי אבהו מה הן קתני מה הן דיני ממונות גזילות וחבלות אבל הודאות והלואות לא
[i. e. cases of indebtedness].And both clauses are necessary. For had the Tanna mentioned only MONETARYCASES I might have said that they included also cases of indebtedness. Hencethe necessity of the explanatory LARCENY AND MAYHEM; or again had the Tannamentioned only LARCENY AND MAYHEM, I might have said that these includedcases of indebtedness, and that the reason for specifying particularly LARCENYAND MAYHEM is that the regulation requiring three judges is laid down inScripture In connection with larceny and mayhem (the verse, <i>the masterof the house shall come near unto thejudges</i>,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The term 'Elohim' denoting 'Judges' occurs three times in this section, Ex. XXII, 7. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
וצריכא דאי תנא דיני ממונות הוה אמינא דאפי' הודאות והלואות תנא גזילות וחבלות ואי תנא גזילות וחבלות ולא קתני דיני ממונות הוה אמינא הוא הדין דאפילו הודאות והלואות והאי דקתני גזילות וחבלות משום דעיקר ג' דכתיבי בגזילות וחבלות כתיבי
though primarily dealingwith cases of larceny,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Arising from the denial of the bailment. ');"><sup>5</sup></span>
גזילות דכתיב (שמות כב, ז) ונקרב בעל הבית אל האלהים חבלות מה לי חבל בגופו מה לי חבל בממונו תנא מה הן דיני ממונות גזילות וחבלות אבל הודאות והלואות לא
includes alsothose of mayhem, there being actually no difference in regard to an injurywhether it is inflicted on one's person or on one's property). The Tannahad accordingly to supplement the MONETARY clause by that of LARCENY ANDMAYHEM, to exclude thereby cases of indebtedness.
ולמאי אילימא דלא בעינן שלשה והאמר רבי אבהו שנים שדנו דיני ממונות לדברי הכל אין דיניהם דין
And what is the point in excluding cases of indebtedness? Shall I say itis to show that three judges are not required for them? But did not R. Abbahu[himself] say that all agree that no judgment given by two in monetary casesis valid? — It is to teach that cases of indebtedness require no<i>Mumhin</i><span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Plural of Mumheh, specially ordained judges; v. Glos. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
אלא דלא בעינן מומחין
of their adjudication.[This being the case, let us consider] what is the determining principleof the Tanna. Does he hold that we have here an instance of transpositionof sections, [in which case all the provisions in thissection<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXII, 6-8 ');"><sup>7</sup></span>
לעולם קסבר עירוב פרשיות כתוב כאן ובדין הוא דליבעי נמי מומחין והאי דלא בעינן מומחין משום דרבי חנינא דאמר רבי חנינא דבר תורה אחד דיני ממונות ואחד דיני נפשות בדרישה ובחקירה
He should then demand<i>Mumhin</i> here also [since the term <i>Elohim</i> denoting <i>Mumhin</i> ismentioned in this place]. If on the other hand, he does not hold this view[and in this case the provisions in this section are limited to the casesof larceny as set forth], where is the authority for the necessity of threejudges? — Indeed the Tanna accepts the principle of 'transposition of sections'— and consequently, in accordance with the strict application of the Law,in cases of indebtedness he would require [three] <i>Mumhin</i> — neverthelessthey have become exempted from this regulation for the reason advanced byR. Hanina. For R. Hanina said:<a rel="footnote" href="#2b_9"><sup>9 </sup></a> Inaccordance with the Biblical law, the juridical procedure in regard to theinvestigation<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As to the day and hour. ');"><sup>10</sup></span> andexamination<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As to attendant circumstances. ');"><sup>11</sup></span> of witnesses appliesto monetary as well as to capital cases, for it is written,