Shevuot 3

מתני׳ <big><strong>שבועות</strong></big> שתים שהן ארבע

<big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>OATHS ARE OF TWO KINDS, SUBDIVIDED INTO FOUR;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Positive and negative with reference to both future action (I swear I shall . .; I swear I shall not . .) and past action (I swear I did . .; I sw did not . .) . V. Lev. V, 4.');">¹</span> THE LAWS CONCERNING THE DISCOVERY OF HAVING [UNCONSCIOUSLY] SINNED THROUGH UNCLEANNESS ARE OF TWO KINDS, SUBDIVIDED INTO FOUR;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A person defiled by dead man or carrion who, forgetful of his uncleanness, eats holy food or enters the sanctuary; or, does either of these two actions, whilst conscious of his uncleanness, but not of eating holy (sacrificial) food or entering the sanctuary. V. Lev. V, 2ff.');">²</span>

ידיעות הטומאה שתים שהן ארבע

THE LAWS CONCERNING CARRYING ON THE SABBATH ARE OF TWO KINDS, SUBDIVIDED INTO FOUR;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Two kinds of Hoza'ah, carrying out: standing in public ground, stretching out the hand to private ground, and withdrawing an object; standing in private ground, and removing an object thence to public ground. And two kinds of Haknasah, bringing in: standing in private ground, stretching out the hand to public ground, and withdrawing an object; standing in public ground, and removing an object thence to private ground.');">³</span> THE SHADES OF LEPROUS AFFECTIONS ARE OF TWO KINDS, SUBDIVIDED INTO FOUR.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Bahereth, white like snow; Se'eth, like white wool; Sid ha-hekal, white like the plaster of the Temple walls; and Kerum Bezah, white like the membrane round an egg: they are all different shades of white. V. Lev. XIII, 2ff.');">⁴</span>

יציאות השבת שתים שהן ארבע

WHERE<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The laws of uncleanness are here discussed. The Gemara (3a) explains why these laws rather than the laws of oaths are discussed first. The Sabbath and leprosy laws are explained in their own tractates, and are only mentioned here en passant simply because of their similarity in that they are 'two, subdivided into four'.');">⁵</span> THERE IS KNOWLEDGE AT THE BEGINNING AND AT THE END BUT FORGETFULNESS BETWEEN,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., Knowledge at the time of becoming unclean, but forgetfulness (v. n. 2) at the actual moment of eating the holy food or entering the sanctuary.');">⁶</span>

מראות נגעים שנים שהן ארבעה

A 'SLIDING SCALES' SACRIFICE IS BROUGHT.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' According to the pecuniary circumstances of the sinner: a lamb or goat, if he be wealthy; two turtledoves or two young pigeons, if he cannot afford a lamb; or the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour, if he be poor (Lev. V, 6-11) .');">⁷</span> WHERE THERE IS KNOWLEDGE AT THE BEGINNING BUT NOT AT THE END, THE GOAT THE BLOOD OF WHICH IS SPRINKLED WITHIN THE VEIL ON THE DAY OF ATONEMENT<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XVI, 15.');">⁸</span>

את שיש בה ידיעה בתחלה וידיעה בסוף והעלם בינתים הרי זה בעולה ויורד

TOGETHER WITH THE DAY OF ATONEMENT ITSELF HOLD THE SIN IN SUSPENSE<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Shielding the sinner from punishment.');">⁹</span> UNTIL IT BECOME KNOWN TO THE SINNER, AND HE BRINGS THE 'SLIDING SCALE' SACRIFICE.

יש בה ידיעה בתחלה ואין בה ידיעה בסוף שעיר הנעשה בפנים ויום הכפורים תולה עד שיודע לו ויביא בעולה ויורד

WHERE THERE IS NO KNOWLEDGE AT THE BEGINNING BUT THERE IS KNOWLEDGE AT THE END, THE GOAT SACRIFICED ON THE OUTER ALTAR TOGETHER WITH THE DAY OF ATONEMENT ITSELF BRING HIM FORGIVENESS;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For he can never bring a sacrifice himself, since there was no knowledge at the beginning.');">¹⁰</span> FOR IT IS SAID: '[ONE HE-GOAT FOR A SIN-OFFERING] BESIDE THE SIN-OFFERING OF ATONEMENT':<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Num. XXIX, 11.');">¹¹</span>

אין בה ידיעה בתחלה אבל יש בה ידיעה בסוף שעיר הנעשה בחוץ ויום הכפורים מכפר שנאמר (במדבר כט, יא) מלבד חטאת הכפורים על מה שזה מכפר זה מכפר מה הפנימי אין מכפר אלא על דבר שיש בה ידיעה אף החיצון אין מכפר אלא על דבר שיש בה ידיעה

[THEY ARE LIKENED TO ONE ANOTHER SO THAT WE MAY DEDUCE THAT] BOTH ATONE FOR SIMILAR KINDS OF SIN: JUST AS THE 'INNER' GOAT<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., 'the sin-offering of atonement.'');">¹²</span> ATONES ONLY FOR AN UNCONSCIOUS SIN - WHERE THERE WAS KNOWLEDGE [AT THE BEGINNING], SO THE 'OUTER'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The 'he-goat for a sin-offering.'');">¹³</span>

ועל שאין בה ידיעה לא בתחלה ולא בסוף שעירי הרגלים ושעירי ראשי חדשים מכפרין דברי ר' יהודה ר"ש אומר שעירי הרגלים מכפרין אבל לא שעירי ראשי חדשים ועל מה שעירי ראשי חדשים מכפרין

GOAT ATONES ONLY FOR AN UNCONSCIOUS SIN - WHERE THERE WAS KNOWLEDGE [AT THE END]. WHERE THERE IS NO KNOWLEDGE EITHER AT THE BEGINNING OR AT THE END, THE GOATS OFFERED AS SIN-OFFERINGS ON FESTIVALS AND NEW MOONS BRING ATONEMENT. THIS IS THE OPINION OF R'JUDAH [B. ILA'I]. R'SIMEON [B. YOHAI] HOLDS THAT THE FESTIVAL GOATS ALONE AND NOT THE NEW MOON GOATS ATONE FOR THIS CLASS OF UNCONSCIOUS OFFENCE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. infra 9b.');">¹⁴</span> AND FOR WHAT DO THE NEW MOON GOATS BRING ATONEMENT? -