Shevuot 4

על הטהור שאכל את הטמא

FOR A RITUALLY CLEAN MAN WHO ATE HOLY FOOD THAT HAD BECOME UNCLEAN.

ר' מאיר אומר כל השעירין כפרתן שוה על טומאת מקדש וקדשיו

R'MEIR SAYS: ALL THE GOATS [EXCEPT THE 'INNER'] HAVE EQUAL POWERS OF ATONEMENT FOR TRANSGRESSIONS OF THE LAWS OF UNCLEANNESS IN CONNECTION WITH THE TEMPLE<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'sanctuary'.');">¹</span>

היה ר"ש אומר שעירי ראשי חדשים מכפרים על הטהור שאכל את הטמא ושל רגלים מכפרין על שאין בה ידיעה לא בתחלה ולא בסוף ושל יום הכפורים מכפר על שאין בה ידיעה בתחלה אבל יש בה ידיעה בסוף

AND HOLY FOOD THEREOF.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' They all equally atone for sins committed unconsciously, whether there was no knowledge at the beginning but knowledge at the end, or no knowledge either at the beginning or at the end; and for a clean man who ate unclean holy food.');">²</span>

אמרו לו מהו שיקרבו זה בזה אמר להן יקרבו אמרו לו הואיל ואין כפרתן שוה היאך קרבין זה בזה אמר להם כולן באין לכפר על טומאת מקדש וקדשיו

NOW, R'SIMEON HOLDS THAT THE NEW MOON GOATS BRING ATONEMENT FOR A CLEAN MAN WHO ATE UNCLEAN HOLY FOOD; AND THE FESTIVAL GOATS ATONE FOR TRANSGRESSION OF THE LAWS OF UNCLEANNESS WHERE THERE WAS NO KNOWLEDGE EITHER AT THE BEGINNING OR AT THE END; AND THE 'OUTER' GOAT OF THE DAY OF ATONEMENT FOR TRANSGRESSION OF THESE LAWS WHERE THERE WAS NO KNOWLEDGE AT THE BEGINNING BUT THERE WAS KNOWLEDGE AT THE END.

ר"ש בן יהודה אומר משמו שעירי ראשי חדשים מכפרין על הטהור שאכל את הטמא מוסיף עליהן של רגלים שמכפרין על טהור שאכל את הטמא ועל שאין בה ידיעה לא בתחלה ולא בסוף

THEY<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Sages.');">³</span>

מוסיף עליהן של יום הכפורים שהן מכפרין על הטהור שאכל את הטמא ועל שאין בה ידיעה לא בתחלה ולא בסוף ועל שאין בה ידיעה בתחלה אבל יש בה ידיעה בסוף

[THEREFORE] SAID TO HIM: 'IS IT PERMITTED TO OFFER UP THE GOAT SET APART FOR ONE DAY ON ANOTHER? '<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If, for example, the goat set apart for offering on the Day of Atonement was lost, and was found only after another had been offered in its place, is it permissible to offer it up on a festival or new moon?');">⁴</span>

אמרו לו מהו שיקרבו זה בזה אמר להם הן אמרו לו אם כן יהיו של יום הכפורים קרבין בראשי חדשים אבל היאך של ראשי חדשים קרבין ביום הכפורים לכפר כפרה שאינה שלה אמר להם כולן באין לכפר על טומאת מקדש וקדשיו

HE REPLIED 'YES!' THEY [HOWEVER] ARGUED WITH HIM: 'SINCE THEY ARE NOT EQUAL IN THE ATONEMENT THEY BRING, HOW CAN THEY TAKE EACH OTHER'S PLACE? ' HE REPLIED: 'THEY ARE ALL AT LEAST EQUAL [IN THE WIDER SENSE] IN THAT THEY ALL BRING ATONEMENT FOR TRANSGRESSIONS OF THE LAWS OF UNCLEANNESS IN CONNECTION WITH THE TEMPLE AND HOLY FOOD THEREOF.'

ועל זדון טומאת מקדש וקדשיו שעיר הנעשה בפנים ויום הכפורים מכפרין

R'SIMEON B. JUDAH SAID IN HIS NAME:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Another version of R. Simeon b. Yohai's view.');">⁵</span>

על שאר עבירות שבתורה הקלות והחמורות הזדונות והשגגות הודע ולא הודע עשה ולא תעשה כריתות ומיתות בית דין שעיר המשתלח מכפר

THE NEW MOON GOATS BRING ATONEMENT FOR A CLEAN PERSON WHO ATE UNCLEAN HOLY FOOD; THE FESTIVAL GOATS, IN ADDITION TO BRINGING ATONEMENT FOR SUCH A CASE, ATONE ALSO FOR A CASE WHERE THERE WAS NO KNOWLEDGE EITHER AT THE BEGINNING OR AT THE END; THE 'OUTER' GOAT OF THE DAY OF ATONEMENT, IN ADDITION TO BRINGING ATONEMENT FOR BOTH THESE CASES, ATONES ALSO FOR A CASE WHERE THERE WAS NO KNOWLEDGE AT THE BEGINNING BUT THERE WAS KNOWLEDGE AT THE END.

אחד ישראלים ואחד כהנים ואחד כהן משוח מה בין ישראלים לכהנים ולכהן משוח אלא שהפר מכפר על הכהנים על טומאת מקדש וקדשיו

THEY ACCORDINGLY ASKED HIM: 'IS IT PERMITTED TO OFFER UP THE GOAT SET APART FOR ONE DAY ON ANOTHER? ' HE SAID, 'YES!' THEY [FURTHER] SAID TO HIM: 'GRANTED THAT THE DAY OF ATONEMENT GOAT<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because it is more inclusive.');">⁶</span>

ר"ש אומר כשם שדם השעיר הנעשה בפנים מכפר על ישראל כך דם הפר מכפר על הכהנים כשם שוידויו של שעיר המשתלח מכפר על ישראל כך וידויו של פר מכפר על הכהנים:

MAY BE OFFERED UP ON THE NEW MOON, BUT HOW CAN THE NEW MOON GOAT BE OFFERED UP ON THE DAY OF ATONEMENT TO BRING ATONEMENT FOR A TRESPASS THAT IS NOT WITHIN ITS SCOPE? ' HE REPLIED: 'THEY ARE ALL AT LEAST EQUAL [IN THE WIDER SENSE] IN THAT THEY ALL BRING ATONEMENT FOR TRANSGRESSIONS OF THE LAWS OF UNCLEANNESS IN CONNECTION WITH THE TEMPLE AND HOLY FOOD THEREOF.

<big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> מכדי תנא ממכות סליק מאי שנא דתני שבועות משום דתני חייב על הראש שתים אחת מיכן ואחת מיכן

FOR WILFUL TRANSGRESSION OF THE LAWS OF UNCLEANNESS IN CONNECTION WITH THE TEMPLE AND HOLY FOOD THEREOF, THE 'INNER' GOAT OF THE DAY OF ATONEMENT TOGETHER WITH THE DAY OF ATONEMENT ITSELF BRING FORGIVENESS.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. ');">⁷</span> FOR OTHER TRANSGRESSIONS OF THE TORAH, LIGHT AND GRAVE, WILFUL AND UNCONSCIOUS, KNOWN AND UNKNOWN, POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE, THOSE PUNISHABLE BY KARETH<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Extinction by divine intervention; v. Glos.');">⁸</span> AND THOSE PUNISHABLE BY DEATH IMPOSED BY THE COURT - FOR ALL THESE THE SCAPEGOAT<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'the one to be sent away'.');">⁹</span> BRINGS ATONEMENT TO ISRAELITES, PRIESTS, AND THE ANOINTED HIGH PRIEST. WHAT [THEN] IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ISRAELITES, PRIESTS, AND THE ANOINTED HIGH PRIEST?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This apparent contradiction of the former statement is explained in the Gemara (13b) .');">¹⁰</span> - [NONE], SAVE THAT THE BULLOCK<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The bullock brought by the High Priest, Lev. XVI, 3-6.');">¹¹</span> BRINGS ATONEMENT TO THE PRIESTS FOR TRANSGRESSIONS OF THE LAWS OF UNCLEANNESS IN CONNECTION WITH THE TEMPLE AND HOLY FOOD.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Whereas for Israelites the 'inner' and 'outer' goats bring atonement for these transgressions; the scapegoat, however, brings atonement both to Israelites and priests for all other transgressions.');">¹²</span> R'SIMEON SAYS: JUST AS THE BLOOD OF THE GOAT THAT IS SPRINKLED WITHIN THE VEIL BRINGS ATONEMENT FOR ISRAELITES, SO THE BLOOD OF THE BULLOCK BRINGS ATONEMENT FOR PRIESTS; AND JUST AS THE CONFESSION OF SINS PRONOUNCED OVER THE SCAPEGOAT BRINGS ATONEMENT FOR ISRAELITES, SO THE CONFESSION PRONOUNCED OVER THE BULLOCK BRINGS ATONEMENT FOR PRIESTS.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Disagreeing with the previous Tanna who holds that the scapegoat brings atonement to both Israelites and priests for other transgressions, he contends that the scapegoat is for Israelites only; the sprinkling of the blood of the 'inner' goat (attended by no confession) brings atonement to Israelites for transgressions connected with uncleanness; the confession over the scapegoat (attended by no blood sprinkling) brings atonement to Israelites for other transgressions. Similarly, the sprinkling of the blood of the bullock brings atonement to priests for transgressions connected with uncleanness; and the confession over the bullock brings atonement to them for other transgressions; v. 13b. seq.');">¹³</span> <big><b>GEMARA: </b></big>Now, the Tanna has just ended the treatise Makkoth; why does he study Shebu'oth?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Shebu'oth follows immediately upon Makkoth in the MISHNAH: What connection is there between the two treatises that the Tanna studies them in this order?');">¹⁴</span> - Because he learned:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Mak. 20a.');">¹⁵</span> For rounding the corners of the head<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Removing the hair from the temples, where the head joins the cheeks; v. Lev. XIX, 27.');">¹⁶</span> the penalty of lashes is incurred twice, once for each corner;