Commentary for Ketubot 81:6
רב פפא אמר פלגא ניזקא ממונא קסבר סתם שוורים לאו בחזקת שימור קיימי ובדין הוא דמשלם כוליה ורחמנא הוא דחייס עלויה דאכתי לא איעד תורא רב הונא בריה דרב יהושע אמר פלגא ניזקא קנסא קסבר סתם שוורים בחזקת שימור קיימי ובדין הוא דלא לישלם כלל ורחמנא הוא דקנסיה כי היכי דנינטריה לתוריה:
Papa said: Half damages are compensation for he holds that as a rule cattle are not safe. By law the owner should have made full restitution, but the Torah had mercy towards him because his cattle have not yet become an attested danger. Huna the son of R. Joshua said: Half damages are a penalty, for he holds that cattle are safe. By law, the owner should make no restitution at all, but the Torah imposed a fine on him in order that he should guard his cattle.
Rashi on Ketubot
They do not stand in the presumptive status of safety (lit. being guarded) - if the owner does not (make effort) that they do not cause damage, [they are not in a presumptive status of naturally (lit. on their own) being safe (guarded) not to cause damage] rather they cause damage, even unusual methods of damage, therefore it is incumbent on their owner to guard them, and one who does not guard them, (should) legally pay all (the damage) but the Merciful One had mercy on him, however that which he pays he is paying legally:
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Rashi on Ketubot
In order that it should be guarded - that he should increase (his efforts) to guard it over (and above) his (basic) requirements to guard it:
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