Chullin 111

Chapter 111

א להביא עור בית הבושת חוץ למקומו פסול ואין בו כרת חוץ לזמנו פיגול וחייבים עליו כרת:
1 meaning to include the skin of the pudenda<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sc. the skin of the female genitalia. This was not expressly stated but had to be included by inference because the Baraitha deals with a burnt-offering which is a male beast.');"><sup>1</sup></span>
ב <big><strong>מתני׳</strong></big> ואלו טרפות בעוף
2 at the improper place, the sacrifice would be invalid, and he would not be liable to the punishment of Kareth, but at the improper time it would be piggul, and he would be liable to the punishment of Kareth.
ג נקובת הוושט ופסוקת הגרגרת
3 <big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>THE FOLLOWING [DEFECTS]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As a general rule it is accepted that all those defects which render cattle trefah will likewise render birds trefah, v. infra, the dictum of Levi. The Tanna of this Mishnah therefore enumerates only those defects which apply exclusively to birds, except for three or four defects for which there are special reasons for their repetition; v. Rashi.');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ד הכתה חולדה על ראשה מקום שעושה אותה טרפה
4 RENDER BIRDS TREFAH: IF THE GULLET WAS PIERCED, OR THE WINDPIPE SEVERED; IF A WEASEL STRUCK<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This must mean that the weasel struck it with its teeth and not with its fore-paw, for then it would have to be considered under the defect of 'clawing'; v. supra 52bff.');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ה ניקב הקורקבן
5 [THE BIRD] ON THE HEAD IN SUCH A PLACE AS WOULD RENDER IT TREFAH;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., in that part of the skull under which is situated the membrane of the brain.');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ו ניקבו הדקין
6 IF THE GIZZARD OR THE INTESTINES WERE PIERCED.
ז נפלה לאור ונחמרו בני מעיה
7 IF IT FELL INTO THE FIRE AND ITS INTERNAL ORGANS WERE SCORCHED AND THEY<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., those organs which are naturally red, e.g., the heart or the liver or the gizzard. On the other hand, a scorching of those organs which are normally greenish yellow, e.g. the intestines, would render the bird trefah only if they turned red.');"><sup>5</sup></span>
ח אם ירוקים פסולים אם אדומים כשרים
8 TURNED GREEN, IT IS INVALID, BUT IF THEY REMAINED RED IT IS VALID.
ט דרסה וטרפה בכותל או שריצצתה בהמה ומפרכסת ושהתה מעת לעת ושחטה כשרה:
9 IF ONE TROD UPON IT OR KNOCKED IT AGAINST A WALL OR IF AN ANIMAL TRAMPLED UPON IT,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In these three cases there is grave fear that it sustained a lesion of the internal organs as in the case of a fall, v. supra 51aff.');"><sup>6</sup></span>
י <big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> רב ושמואל ולוי דאמרי
10 AND IT STILL JERKS ITS LIMBS, AND IT REMAINED ALIVE AFTER THIS FOR TWENTY-FOUR HOURS, AND IT WAS THEREAFTER SLAUGHTERED, IT IS VALID.
יא מכניס ידו לפנים ובודק אם מבצבץ ועולה טרפה ואם לאו כשרה
11 <big><b>GEMARA: </b></big>Rab, Samuel and Levi say: One should insert the finger into the mouth [of the bird and press upon the upper palate] and apply this test:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the case of a bird struck on the head by a weasel in order to ascertain whether the membranes of the brain have been pierced or not.');"><sup>7</sup></span>
יב הניחא למאן דאמר
12 if the brain substance oozes [through the hole in the skull] it i trefah, but if not it is permitted.
יג עד דמנקיב קרמא תתאה אלא למאן דאמר
13 This is well, however, only according to him who says<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. supra 450.');"><sup>8</sup></span>
יד אינקיב עילאה אע"ג דלא אינקב תתאה ניחוש דלמא עילאה אינקיב תתאה לא אינקיב
14 that unless the lower membrane of the brain has also been pierced [it would not be trefah]; but according to him who says that [it is trefah] even if only the upper membrane and not the lower had been pierced, we ought to be apprehensive of this test for it might well be that the upper membrane has been pierced and the lower has not.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that even though nothing of the brain substance exudes it might nevertheless be trefah because of the perforation of the upper membrane. Accordingly the test stated is not reliable.');"><sup>9</sup></span>
טו אי איתא דאינקיב עילאה תתאה אגב רוככיה מיפקע פקע
15 - If it were so, that the upper membrane had been pierced, then the lower on account of its tenderness would most certainly break<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' One may therefore be certain that if nothing of the brain substance exudes the upper membrane has not been pierced.');"><sup>10</sup></span>
טז אמר זעירי
16 [by reason of the pressure of the finger].
יז אין בדיקה לחולדה מפני ששיניה דקות
17 Ze'iri said: No test is of any avail against [the bite of] a weasel because its teeth are fine.
יח וכי שיניה דקות מאי הוי
18 But what doe matter if its teeth are fine? - R'Oshaia corrected: Because its teeth are fine and curved.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And the hole in the skull would not coincide with the hole in the membrane, so that even in the membrane of the brain were pierced, the bone of the skull that is immediately above it would prevent any of the brain substance from escaping.');"><sup>11</sup></span>
יט אמר רב אושעיא
19 When he [Ze'iri] went up to Nehardea he sent back word saying.'
כ מפני ששיניה דקות ועקומות
20 That statement which I made before you was wrong.
כא כי סליק לנהרדעא שלח להו
21 Verily, it has been reported in the name of R'Simeon B'Lakish that one may examine [the membrane of the brain against the bite of] a weasel with the finger but not with a nail,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The test with a nail (or a needle or a straw, cf. infra) is a delicate operation. The bone of the skull must first be removed and the nail must be passed gently over the surface of the membrane of the brain. If anything catches or holds up the nail in its course it indicates a perforation and it is trefah. The danger in this operation is that the man whilst making this test might inadvertently pierce the membrane with the nail, and he would then have to declare the bird trefah, though it was not really trefah, thus occasioning loss unto the Israelite.');"><sup>12</sup></span>
כב דברים שאמרתי לפניכם טעות הן בידי ברם כך אמרו משמיה דרבי שמעון בן לקיש
22 but R'Johanan had said: Even with a nail'.
כג בודקין לחולדה ביד אבל לא במסמר
23 Now they differ upon the same principles as in the controversy between R'Judah and R'Nehemiah.
כד ורבי יוחנן אמר
24 For one used to make the test with the finger and the other used to make the test with a needle.
כה אף במסמר
25 Said he who made the test with the finger to him who made the test with a needle, 'How long will you go on wasting the money of Israel'!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By reason of the danger demonstrated in the preceding note.');"><sup>13</sup></span>
כו ובפלוגתא דר"י ורבי נחמיה חד בדיק בידא וחד בדיק במחטא
26 Replied he who made the test with a nail to him who made the test with the finger.'
כז מאן דבדיק בידא אמר ליה למאן דבדיק במחטא
27 And how long will you go on feeding Israel with nebelah'! Nebelah?
כח עד מתי אתה מכלה ממונן של ישראל
28 But it has been ritually slaughtered! Rather [say] trefah, for the membrane of the brain might have been pierced.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And the test with the finger is of no avail since the teeth of a weasel are fine and curved; v. supra. p. 306, n. 6.');"><sup>14</sup></span>
כט אמר ליה מאן דבדיק במחטא למאן דבדיק בידא
29 It can be proved that it was R'Judah who used to make the test with the finger, for it has been taught:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Tosef. Hul. III.');"><sup>15</sup></span>
ל עד מתי אתה מאכיל לישראל נבלות
30 R'Simeon B'Eleazar says in the name of R'Judah.
לא נבלות
31 One may examine [the membrane of the brain against the bite of] a weasel with the finger but not with a nail.
לב והא שחוטה היא
32 If the bone [of the skull] was broken, even though the membrane of the brain had not been pierced, [it is trefah].
לג אלא
33 It is indeed proved - But is there not a contradiction in this very [Baraitha]?
לד טרפות שמא ניקב קרום של מוח
34 It first says: 'One may examine [the membrane of the brain against the bite of] a weasel with the finger but not with a nail', which shows clearly that the examination is adequate, and then it says.'
לה תסתיים דרבי יהודה הוא דבדיק בידא
35 If the bone [of the skull] was broken even though the membrane of the brain had not been pierced [it is trefah]', which shows clearly that the examination is of no avail! - The latter statement refers a water bird for it has no membrane.'
לו דתניא רבי שמעון בן אלעזר אומר משום רבי יהודה
36 It has no membrane'! Is this possible? - Rather, it means, its membrane is so fine [that the examination is of no avail].
לז בודקין לחולדה ביד אבל לא במסמר
37 R'Nahman said to R''Anan: 'Did you not tell us, Master, that Samuel used to make the test with the finger and would declare the bird permitted?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' It nothing of the brain substance escaped, although there is an obvious hole or crack in the skull.');"><sup>16</sup></span>
לח נשבר העצם אע"פ שלא ניקב קרום של מוח
38 And our colleague Huna also reported that Rab used to make the test with the finger and declare it permitted.
לט תסתיים
39 But surely Levi has taught.
מ הא גופא קשיא אמרת
40 The defects enumerated by the Sages in the case of cattle equally apply [wherever possible] to birds; there is, however, this addition in the case of birds, namely: If the bone [of the skull] wa broken even though the membrane of the brain has not been pierced!' - He replied: 'The latter [defect] refers only to a water bird, for it has no membrane'.'
מא בודקין לחולדה ביד אבל לא במסמר אלמא אית ליה בדיקותא והדר תני
41 It has no membrane'! Is this possible? - Rather, it means, its membrane is very fine.
מב נשבר העצם אף על פי שלא ניקב קרום של מוח אלמא לית ליה בדיקותא
42 A hen belonging to R'Hana was sent to R'Mattena, for the bone of its skull had been broken but the membrane of the brain had not been pierced; and he declared it to be permitted.
מג סיפא אתאן לעוף של מים הואיל ואין לו קרום
43 He [R'Hana] remarked: But Levi has taught: The defects enumerated by the Sages in the case of cattle equally apply to birds; there is, however, this addition in the case of birds, namely: If the bone of the skull was broken even though the membrane of the brain has not been pierced! - He replied: That [defect] refers only to a water bird for it has no membrane.'
מד אין לו קרום סלקא דעתך
44 It has no membrane'! Is this possible? - Rather, it means, its membrane is very fine.
מה אלא
45 R'Shizbi used to examine [the membrane of the brain of a bird] by the light of the sun.
מו הואיל וקרומו רך אמר ליה רב נחמן לרב ענן מר אמר
46 R'Yemar used to examine it with water.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' He would first empty the brain matter out of the membrane and then would fill the latter with water; if the water leaked out it is evident that it had been pierced and it would be trefah. Another method of testing by water is to pour water into the hole of the skull and after a few moments to pour it out into a basin; if the water now appears milky it is a clear indication that some of the brain matter as escaped and mixed with this water, and it would be trefah on account of the perforation of the membrane.');"><sup>17</sup></span>
מז שמואל בדיק בידא ומכשר והונא חברין אמר
47 R'Aha B'Jacob used to examine it
מח רב בדיק בידא ומכשר
48 
מט והתני לוי
49 
נ טרפות שמנו חכמים בבהמה כנגדן בעוף
50 
נא יתר עליהן עוף נשבר העצם אע"פ שלא ניקב קרום של מוח
51 
נב אמר ליה
52 
נג ההוא בעוף של מים הואיל ואין לו קרום
53 
נד אין לו קרום ס"ד
54 
נה אלא
55 
נו הואיל וקרומו רך
56 
נז ההיא תרנגולתא דהואי בי רב חנא שדרה לקמיה דרב מתנא נשבר העצם ולא ניקב קרום של מוח הואי ואכשרה
57 
נח א"ל והתני לוי
58 
נט טרפות שמנו חכמים בבהמה כנגדן בעוף
59 
ס יתר עליהן עוף נשבר העצם אע"פ שלא ניקב קרום של מוח
60 
סא אמר ליה
61 
סב התם בעוף של מים הואיל ואין לו קרום
62 
סג אין לו קרום ס"ד
63 
סד אלא אימא
64 
סה הואיל וקרומו רך
65 
סו רב שיזבי בדיק בשימשא רב יימר בדיק במיא רב אחא בר יעקב בדיק
66 
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