Chullin 129

בתרתי תיבות ש"מ

into two words it proves that it is two distinct terms).<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The bracketed passage is omitted in MS.M.');">¹</span>

תרי שמות נינהו

But according to this will you also say that Chedarlaomer.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Gen. XIV. 1. In many texts of the Torah, particularly those based on Occidental or Palestinian tradition, this name is written as two words, thus rngk rsf rsf rngk');">²</span>

אלא מעתה (בראשית יד, ד) את כדר לעומר דפסק להו ספרא בתרי הכי נמי דתרתי שמי נינהו

seeing that the scribe has divided it into two, is two distinct names? - I reply, in the latte case it is true that he has divided the word into two but he has not separated them on two lines,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., it is not permissible to end one line with and commence the next line with . ,c vbghv ,c');">³</span>

אמרי

but here he has even separated them on two lines.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ending one line with and commencing the next with . Evidently these words have each a specific connotation, and refers to the egg.');">⁴</span>

התם בשתי תיבות פסיק להו בשני שיטין לא פסיק להו אבל הכא אפי' בשני שיטין נמי פסיק להו:

BUT THE SAGES HAVE SAID, EVERY BIRD [THAT SEIZES ITS PREY IS UNCLEAN].

אבל אמרו חכמים כל עוף [וכו']:

It was taught: Rabban Gamaliel says, [If a bird] seizes prey and eats it, one may be certain that it is unclean; if it has an extra toe, and a crop.

תניא רבן גמליאל אומר

and its gizzard can be peeled.

דורס ואוכל בידוע שהוא טמא יש לו אצבע יתירה וזפק וקרקבנו נקלף בידוע שהוא טהור

one may be certain that it is clean.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Rashi adds, provided it does not seize prey, so that the bird has all the four characteristics of cleanness. t,rpg');">⁵</span>

ר"א בר' צדוק אומר

R'Eleazar son of R'Zadok says: A cord is stretched out for it, and if [when perched on it] it divides its toes evenly, two on each side, it is a clean bird, but if it places three toes on one side and one on the other, it is an Unclean bird.

מותחין לו חוט של משיחה אם חולק את רגליו שתים לכאן ושתים לכאן טמא שלש לכאן ואחת לכאן טהור

R Simeon B'Eleazar says: Every bird which catches food [thrown to it] in the air is unclean.

ר"ש בן אלעזר אומר

⁶ - Abaye answered: It means, catches food and eats it in the air"&gt;.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Whereas the humming-birds, although they catch food thrown to them in the air, eat it only after they have put it upon the ground (Rashi) .');">⁷</span>

כל עוף הקולט מן האויר טמא

Others say: Those that dwell with unclean birds are unclean, those that dwell with clean birds are clean.

ציפרתא נמי מקלט קלטה

According to whom is this rule?

אמר אביי

Is it only according to R'Eliezer?

קולט ואוכל קאמרי

For it was taught: R'Eliezer said: Not for nothing did the zarzir follow the raven but because it is of its kind!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Species associate with species, and according to R. Eliezer the zarzir (the starling) is unclean because it is found always in the company of ravens.');">⁸</span>

אחרים אומרים

- It might even be according to the Rabbis too, for we speak here of those that dwell with and also resemble [unclean birds].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And this criterion would be accepted by the Rabbis too.');">⁹</span>

שכן עם טמאים טמא עם טהורים טהור

OF LOCUSTS: ALL THAT HAVE.

כמאן כר' אליעזר

[AND WINGS COVERING THE GREATER PART OF THE BODY].

דתניא ר"א אומר

What is meant by THE GREATER PART? - Rab Judah said in the name of Rab, It means the greater part of the length [of the body].

לא לחנם הלך זרזיר אצל עורב אלא מפני שהוא מינו

Others say [in the name of Rab].

אפי' תימא רבנן שכן ונדמה קאמרינן:

The greater part of the girth [of the body].

ובחגבים כל שיש לו כו':

R'Papa said: We therefore require the [wings to cover the] greater part of the length, as well as the greater part of t girth of the body.

מאי רובו

Our Rabbis taught: If it has no [leaping legs] now but will grow them later on, as in the case of the zahal,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A species of locust born without leaping legs but these grow in the course of time.');">¹⁰</span>

אמר רב יהודה אמר רב

it is permitted.

רוב ארכו ואמרי לה

R'Eliezer son of R'Jose says.

רוב הקיפו

[The verse], Which have leaping legs,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XI. 21. There is in this verse a vital difference between the Kethib (the actual written text) and the Kere (the traditional reading) . According to the former the rendering of the verse is, 'Which have no leaping legs', and according to the latter, 'which have leaping legs'. R. Eliezer b. Jose interprets the verse on the basis of the were and the Kethib, viz., those that have none (Kethib) now but have them (Kere) later on are permitted.');">¹¹</span>

אמר רב פפא

includes those that have none now but will grow them later on.

הלכך בעינן רוב ארכו ובעינן רוב הקיפו

What is the zahal? - Abaye answered: It is the iskera.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A species of locust born without leaping legs but these grow in the course of time.');">¹⁰</span>

ת"ר

Our Rabbis taught: Even those of them ye may eat, the arbeh after its kind,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lev. XI, 22. This verse specifies four varieties of locusts that are clean, viz., arbeh, sol'am, hargol, and hagab, and each is identified here by a more popular name. In the verse each is followed by the phrase 'after its kind', which serves to include the various types of each particular species. The identifications suggested are purely tentative and for the most part are based on Lewysohn, Zoologie des Talmuds, p. 286ff.');">¹²</span>

אין לו עכשיו ועתיד לגדל לאחר זמן כגון הזחל מותר

etc. The 'arbeh' is the gobai,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' These have been identified as the migratory locust, the bald locust, the green grasshopper, and the cricket respectively.');">¹³</span>

ר"א בר' יוסי אומר

the 'sol'am' is the vashon,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' These have been identified as the migratory locust, the bald locust, the green grasshopper, and the cricket respectively.');">¹³</span>

(ויקרא יא, כא) אשר לא כרעים אף על פי שאין לו עכשיו ועתיד לגדל לאחר זמן

the 'hargol' is the nippol,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' These have been identified as the migratory locust, the bald locust, the green grasshopper, and the cricket respectively.');">¹³</span>

מאי זחל

and the 'hagab' is the gadian.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' These have been identified as the migratory locust, the bald locust, the green grasshopper, and the cricket respectively.');">¹³</span>

אמר אביי

Wherefore does the verse add 'after its kind' to each?

אסקרין

To include the zipporeth keramim, the Jerusalem yohana, the 'arzubia and the razbonith respectively.

ת"ר

In the school of R'Ishmael it was taught: [In this verse] we have a number of general propositions and a number of particular instances.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Each 'after its kind' is regarded as a general proposition, and each named variety a specification; moreover at the head of the verse there is also a general proposition ('These ye may eat', Lev. XI, 21) which serves as such for each of the specifications. Hence we may argue on the principle of 'generalisation and specification' for each of the four specifications. V. infra p. ');">¹⁴</span>

(ויקרא יא, כב) את אלה מהם תאכלו את הארבה וגו' ארבה זה גובאי סלעם זה רשון חרגול זה ניפול חגב זה גדיאן

Thus, the arbeh is the gobai, 'after its kind' includes

מה ת"ל (ויקרא יא, טו) למינו למינהו למינהו למינהו ד' פעמים

להביא ציפורת כרמים ויוחנא ירושלמית והערצוביא והרזבנית

דבי ר' ישמעאל תנא

אלו כללי כללות ואלו פרטי פרטות ארבה זה גובאי למינו להביא