Eruvin 193

אחד חדשות ואחד ישנות דברי רבי מאיר רבי יהודה אוסר בחדשות ומתיר בישנות אלמא מר סבר טרח איניש ומר סבר לא טרח איניש:

or whether the tefillin were new<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Concerning which it might be contended that no one would take the trouble to make amulets in the shape of tefillin.');">¹</span> or old;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which are obviously proper tefillin duly prepared and used for the purpose.');">²</span> so R'Meir.

(שיצ"י עצב"י סימן): והשתא דתני אבוה דשמואל בר רב יצחק אלו הן ישנות כל שיש בהן רצועות ומקושרות חדשות יש בהן רצועות ולא מקושרות דכולי עלמא לא טרח איניש

R'Judah forbids this in the case of new ones but permits it in that of old ones. It is quite clear, therefore, that one Master<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Meir.');">³</span> is of the opinion that a man does take unnecessary trouble,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To make amulets in the shape of tefillin proper.');">⁴</span>

וליענבינהו מיענב אמר רב חסדא זאת אומרת עניבה פסולה בתפילין

while the other Master<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Judah.');">⁵</span> holds that he does not. <br>(Mnemonic: Shizi 'azbi).<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Consisting of key letters in the statements that follow and their respective authorities. V. Hyman, Toledoth, p. 19.');">⁶</span>

אביי אמר רבי יהודה לטעמיה דאמר עניבה קשירה מעלייתא היא

Now, however, that the father of Samuel son of R'Isaac learned: 'Old ones are all those that have straps which are tied into a knot,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The knot in [he shape of a letter of the alphabet (yod or daleth) prescribed for the tefillin');">⁷</span> while new ones are such as have straps that are not tied into a knot,'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The knot in [he shape of a letter of the alphabet (yod or daleth) prescribed for the tefillin');">⁷</span> all might be assumed to agree<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since the reason why new ones may not be carried on the head and arm to a place of safety on the Sabbath is not because they might be mere amulets but because not having the prescribed knot they cannot be worn, since no permanent knot may be made on the Sabbath.');">⁸</span>

טעמא דעניבה קשירה מעלייתא היא הא לאו הכי עניב להו והאמר רב יהודה בריה דרב שמואל בר שילת משמיה דרב קשר של תפילין הלכה למשה מסיני הוא ואמר רב נחמן ונוייהן לבר

that no man would take unnecessary trouble.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Hence there is no need to provide against such a possibility in the case of zizith either.');">⁹</span> But why should not one fasten them<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Instead of with a knot which is forbidden on the Sabbath.');">¹⁰</span> with a loop?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which is permitted and so render them fit for wear.');">¹¹</span>

דעניב להו כעין קשירה דידהו

- R'Hisda replied: This proves that a loop is inadmissible<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Or 'unfit'.');">¹²</span> in tefillin Abaye replied: R'Judah follows his view, expressed elsewhere,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'which he said'.');">¹³</span> that a loop is like a proper knot.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And like the latter, is forbidden to be made on the Sabbath (cf. Shah. 113a) .');">¹⁴</span>

אמר רב חסדא אמר רב הלוקח תפילין ממי שאינו מומחה בודק שתים של יד ואחת של ראש או שתים של ראש ואחת של יד

The reason then<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Why a loop is inadmissible on the Sabbath in the straps of the tefillin');">¹⁵</span> is that a loop is like a proper knot, but if that had not been so one would presumably have been allowed to fasten them with a loop. But, it may be objected, did not R'Judah son of R'Samuel B'Shilath rule in the name of Rab: The shape of the knot of the tefillin is a halachah that was given to Moses at Sinai, and R'Nahman explained: Their ornamentation<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sc. the right side of the letter.');">¹⁶</span>

מה נפשך אי מחד גברא קא זבין לבדוק או שלש של יד או שלש של ראש

must be turned outwards?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Away from the person wearing them; all of which shows that the knot is all essential part of the tefillin. How then could it possibly be presumed that it could be replaced by a loop?');">¹⁷</span> - One could make the loop similar to the prescribed knot.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'he makes a loop for them (the tefillin) similar to their knot' in the shape of the prescribed letter.');">¹⁸</span> R'Hisda citing Rab<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' MS.M. omits the last two words.');">¹⁹</span>

אי מתרי תלתא גברי זבין כל חד וחד ליבעי בדיקה לעולם מחד גברא זבין ובעינן דמיתמחי בשל יד ובשל ראש

ruled: If a man buys a supply of' tefillin<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For trading purposes.');">²⁰</span> from a non-expert he must examine two tefillin of the hand and one of the head, or two of the head and one of the hand.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If the three tefillin are found on examination to be properly written and prepared the seller is presumed to be all expert and the remainder of the supply may be regarded as valid tefillin.');">²¹</span> But, whatever your explanation may be, a difficulty remains:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'what is your desire?'');">²²</span>

איני והא תני רבה בר שמואל בתפילין בודק שלש של יד ושל ראש מאי לאו או שלש של יד או שלש של ראש לא שלש מהן של יד מהן של ראש

If he bought them from one man,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who has himself made them or bought them from the maker.');">²³</span> why should he not examine either three of the hand or three of the head,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Instead of two of the one and one of the other.');">²⁴</span> and if he bought them from two or three persons, should not each one require examination?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of course it should, since the validity of the goods of one seller is no proof of the validity of those of any other.');">²⁵</span>

והתני רב כהנא בתפילין בודק שתים של יד ושל ראש הא מני רבי היא דאמר בתרי זימני הוי חזקה

The fact is that he bought them from one man, but it is necessary that his reputation shall be established in respect of those of the hand as well as those of the head. But can this be correct? purely Rabbah B'Samuel learned, 'In the case of tefillin one examines three of the hand and of the head', which means, does it not, either three of the hand or three of the head? - No, three, some of which must be of the hand and some of the head.

אי רבי אימא סיפא וכן בצבת השני וכן בצבת השלישי ואי רבי שלישי מי אית ליה

But did not R'Kahana learn: In the case of tefillin one examines two of the hand and of the head?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Why then is the number here increased to three?');">²⁶</span> - This<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Kahana's ruling.');">²⁷</span> represents the view of<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'whose (view) is this'?'');">²⁸</span>

מודה רבי בצבתים דמתרי תלתא גברי זבין אי הכי אפילו רביעי נמי ואפילו חמישי נמי

Rabbi who laid down that if something has happened twice presumption is established.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. Yeb. 64b.');">²⁹</span> But if this<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' R. Kahana's ruling.');">²⁷</span> represents the view of Rabbi, read the final clause: 'The same procedure is followed<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of course it should, since the validity of the goods of one seller is no proof of the validity of those of any other.');">²⁵</span>

אין הכי נמי והאי דקתני שלישי לאפוקי מחזקיה ולעולם אפילו רביעי וחמישי נמי:

in the case of the second packet and also in that of the third packet';<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is assumed to mean that if he bought a number of packets each containing several pairs of tefillin, he need not examine more than three packets.');">³⁰</span> but if this represents the view of Rabbi, would he require the examination of a third packet?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'and if (this is the view of) Rabbi, has he (any need for examination of a) third?'');">³¹</span> - Rabbi agrees<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That the examination of two is not enough to establish presumption.');">³²</span>

מצאן צבתים או כריכות וכו': מאי צבתים ומאי כריכות אמר רב יהודה אמר רב הן הן צבתים הן הן כריכות צבתים זווי זווי כריכות דכריכן טובא:

in the case of packets since one usually buys them from two or three persons.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Cf. supra n. 1 mut. mut.');">³³</span> But if so,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since each bundle may have been bought from a different seller.');">³⁴</span> should not even the fourth and even the fifth also require examination? - The law is so indeed,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'yes, thus also'.');">³⁵</span>

מחשיך עליהן ומביאן: ואמאי לעיילינהו זוג זוג אמר רב יצחק בריה דרב יהודה לדידי מיפרשא ליה מיניה דאבא כל שאילו מכניסן זוג זוג וכלות קודם שקיעת החמה מכניסן זוג זוג ואי לא מחשיך עליהן ומביאן:

and the reason why 'the third' is mentioned is merely to indicate that<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In this particular case.');">³⁶</span> no presumption is established.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By two that have passed the test. oh,cm');">³⁷</span> In fact, however, even a fourth or a fifth must also be examined.

ובסכנה מכסן והולך: והתניא ובסכנה מוליכן פחות פחות מארבע אמות אמר רב לא קשיא הא בסכנת נכרי הא בסכנת לסטים

IF HE FOUND THEM ARRANGED IN PACKETS OR TIED UP IN BUNDLES etc. What is meant by PACKETS<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' . ,ufhrf');">³⁸</span> and what by BUNDLES?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' .');">³⁹</span> - Rab Judah citing Rab replied: Packets and bundles are practically the same thing but in packets the tefillin are packed In pairs while in bundles they are tied together promiscuously.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'when many are wrapped together'.');">⁴⁰</span> HE SHALL WAIT BY THEM UNTIl IT IS DARK AND THEN BRING THEM IN. But why?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Should he wait until dusk.');">⁴¹</span> Might he not bring them in, one pair at a time? - R'Isaac the son of R'Judah replied: It was explained to me by my father that if by bringing them in, one pair at a time, the entire stock could be transferred<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'and they' end'.');">⁴²</span> before sunset, he is to take them in,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' During 'he Sabbath.');">⁴³</span> one pair at a time; otherwise HE SHALL WAIT BY THEM UNTIL IT IS DARK AND THEN BRING THEM IN. IN A TIME OF DANGER, HOWEVER, HE SHALL COVER THEM. AND PROCEED ON HIS WAY. But was it not taught: In a time of danger he carries them<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The whole stock.');">⁴⁴</span> in small stages each of less than four cubits?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By resting at the end of each stage he avoids any continuous and uninterrupted carrying in the public domain along a distance of four cubits.');">⁴⁵</span> - Rab replied:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' MS.M. omits the last two words.');">⁴⁶</span> This is no difficulty since the former<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Our Mishnah which, in a time of danger, exempts one from carrying the tefillin with him or, in the case of packets and bundles, from watching them until it gets dark.');">⁴⁷</span> refers to the danger of heathens<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'stranger', 'foreigner sc. at a time of religious persecution when it is dangerous to be met by a heathen when in the act of wearing or protecting ritual appurtenances (cf. Rashi a.l. second interpretation) .');">⁴⁸</span> while the latter<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Baraitha which in the case of packets and bundles, instead of waiting and watching until it gets dark allows one to carry then, away by walking in small stages.');">⁴⁹</span> refers to that of highwaymen.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In which case it is dangerous to remain in the open field until it gets dark but quite safe to carry the packets or bundles to town in full daylight.');">⁵⁰</span>