Eruvin 46

רבי עקיבא היינו תנא קמא

Is not R'Akiba [laying down] the same ruling as the first Tanna?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Rabbis, who (supra 18a ab init.) contended that it is permissible to move objects in a garden and the like (which were not enclosed for dwelling purposes) if the area is not more than two beth se'ah i.e., about seventy and two-thirds cubits square (Rashi) .');">¹</span> The difference between them is a small area.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By which area of two beth se'ah exceeds that of seventy and two-thirds cubits square (cf. infra n. 8) . According to the first Tanna the area may be as large as two beth se'ah while according to R. Akiba it must not exceed that of 70 2/3 cubits square.');">²</span>

איכא בינייהו דבר מועט דתניא ר' יהודה אומר דבר מועט יש על שבעים אמה ושירים ולא נתנו חכמים בו שיעור

For it was taught: R'Judah stated, [two beth se'ah] exceed seventy cubits and a fraction [square] by a very small margin but the Sages did not indicate its exact dimensions. And what [is the area of] the size of two beth se'ah? - One like that of the courtyard of the Tabernacle.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which Moses made in the wilderness, sc. 100 X 50 cubits (Ex. XXVII, 18) .');">³</span>

וכמה שיעור סאתים כחצר המשכן

Whence is this<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That the dimensions of the court of the Tabernacle are to be squared to fix the area in connection with the moving of objects on Sabbath.');">⁴</span> deduced? - Rab Judah replied: From Scripture which said: The length of the court shall be a hundred cubits, and the breadth fifty everywhere,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXVII, 18; lit., 'fifty by fifty'.');">⁵</span>

מנא הני מילי

the Torah<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By the addition of the apparently superfluous 'by fifty' (cf. prev. note) to the dimensions of a hundred by fifty.');">⁶</span> having thus ordained, 'Take away fifty<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The excess of the length (hundred cubits) over the breadth (fifty cubits) , thus leaving a square area of fifty by fifty cubits.');">⁷</span>

אמר רב יהודה דאמר קרא (שמות כז, יח) ארך החצר מאה באמה ורחב חמשים בחמשים אמרה תורה טול חמשים וסבב חמשים

and surround [with them the other] fifty'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sc. the square (cf. previous note) . Rashi: Surrounding the square with equal strips cut from the remaining area of 50 X 50 cubits, a larger square area is the result. The area of two beth se'ah is consequently equal to 100 X 50 square cubits which (since a cubit 6 = handbreadths) equals 100 X 50 X 6 X 6 = 180,000 sq. handbreadths. An area of (70 and 2/3) squared cubits = (70 X 6 + 4) squared = 424 squared = 179,776 sq. handbreadths. The difference between the first Tanna and R. Akiba is thus the small area of 180,000 - 179,776 = 224 sq. handbreadths (or 224/36 = 6 and 2/9 sq. cubits) which if split up into small strips to surround with them the perimeter of (70 and 2/3) squared cubits would be small indeed. [For a full mathematical discussion of this passage v. Feldman, op. cit. pp. 54ff].');">⁸</span> What, however, is<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'about what is it written'.');">⁹</span>

פשטיה דקרא במאי כתיב אמר אביי העמד משכן על שפת חמשים כדי שיהא חמשים אמה לפניו ועשרים אמה לכל רוח ורוח:

the ordinary meaning of the text?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which speaks of the Tabernacle. What point was there in adding 'by fifty' to the dimension of length and breadth already given?');">¹⁰</span> - Abaye replied: Put up the Tabernacle at the edge of fifty cubits so that there might be [a space of] fifty cubits<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Sc. fifty by fifty (v. next note) .');">¹¹</span>

ר"א אומר אם היתה ארכה כו': והתניא ר"א אומר אם היתה ארכה יתר על פי שנים ברחבה אפי' אמה אחת אין מטלטלין בתוכה

in front of it and one of twenty cubits on every side.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The Tabernacle was thirty cubits long and ten cubits wide. Dividing the length of the court (hundred cubits) in two sections and setting up the Tabernacle in one of these, its eastern front touching the dividing line, and its southern side removed twenty cubits from the south wall of the court there would remain (since the width of the court was fifty cubits) the following distance between the Tabernacle and the walls of the court. (100 - 50) X 50 = 50 X 50 cubits in front of it, 50 - 30 = 20 at its back, and (50 - 10) /2 = 20 cubits on its sides.');">¹²</span> R'ELIEZER RULED: IF ITS LENGTH EXCEEDED etc. Was it not taught, however, that R'Eliezer ruled: If its length was more than twice its breadth, even if only by one cubit, it is forbidden to move objects within it? - R'Bebai B'Abaye replied: What we learned in our Mishnah we learned [in respect of an enclosure whose length] was more than twice its width.

אמר רב ביבי בר אביי כי תנן נמי מתני' [יתר על] פי שנים ברחבה תנן אי הכי היינו ר' יוסי

If so, is not this ruling exactly the same as that of R'Jose?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who also ruled: EVEN IF ITS LENGTH IS TWICE ITS BREADTH.');">¹³</span> - The difference between them is the squared area which the Rabbis have prescribed.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'made square'. R. Eliezer maintains that the authorized length is twice the breadth and no longer, but a squared area is also permitted; while R. Jose holds that the authorized area is a square although one whose length equals twice its breadth is also permitted. (V. Rashi. Cf., tfht however, R. Han. in Tosaf. s.v. a.l.) .');">¹⁴</span>

איכא בינייהו ריבועא דריבעוה רבנן:

R'JOSE RULED etc. It was stated:<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By Amoras.');">¹⁵</span> R'Joseph laid down in the name of Rab Judah who had it from Samuel: The halachah is in agreement with R'Jose;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That a non-squared area is also permitted.');">¹⁶</span>

ר' יוסי אומר כו': איתמר אמר רב יוסף אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל הלכה כר' יוסי ורב ביבי אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל הלכה כר' עקיבא

and R'Bebai laid down in the name of Rab Judah<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Var. lec. Nahman (Alfasi and Asheri) .');">¹⁷</span> who had it from Samuel: The halachah is in agreement with R'Akiba.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That it is not necessary for an enclosure to be put up especially for dwelling purposes.');">¹⁸</span>

ותרוייהו לקולא וצריכא דאי אשמעינן הלכה כרבי יוסי הוה אמינא עד דאיכא שומירה או בית דירה קמ"ל הלכה כר' עקיבא

And both [these rulings] are on the side of leniency; and [both were] required. For if we had only been told, 'The halachah is in agreement with R'Jose' it might have been assumed [that the permissibility was dependent] on the existence of<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'until there is', sc. in the enclosure.');">¹⁹</span>

ואי אשמעינן הלכה כר"ע הוה אמינא דאריך וקטין לא קמ"ל הלכה כר' יוסי

a watchman's hut or a dwelling place,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that the enclosure may be regarded as put up for dwelling purposes.');">²⁰</span> hence we were informed that 'the halachah is in agreement with R'Akiba'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. 163, n. 9.');">²¹</span>

קרפף שהוא יותר מבית סאתים שהוקף לדירה נזרע רובו הרי הוא כגינה ואסור

And if we had been told, 'The halachah is in agreement with R'Akiba' it might have been assumed that [an enclosed area that was] long and narrow is not [permitted],<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since R. Akiba required a squared area.');">²²</span> hence we were also informed that 'the halachah is in agreement with R'Jose'.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That a non-squared area is also permitted.');">²³</span>

נטע רובו הרי הוא כחצר ומותר

If a karpaf<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Glos.');">²⁴</span> bigger than two beth se'ah,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. Glos.');">²⁴</span>

נזרע רובו אמר רב הונא בריה דרב יהושע לא אמרן אלא יותר מבית סאתים אבל בית סאתים מותר

is fenced round for dwelling purposes, then if the greater part of it is sown [with seed] it is regarded as a garden<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which people do not use as a dwelling place.');">²⁵</span> and it is forbidden [to carry any objects within it],<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Even in the part that was not sown; because its status is merged in that of the greater part.');">²⁶</span>

כמאן כרבי שמעון דתנן ר' שמעון אומר אחד גגות ואחד חצירות ואחד קרפיפות רשות אחת הן לכלים ששבתו בתוכן ולא לכלים ששבתו בתוך הבית

but if the greater part of it is planted [with trees]<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Among which people can, and do shelter.');">²⁷</span> it is regarded as a courtyard [and the movement of objects within it] is permitted.'

לר"ש נמי כיון דנזרע רובו הוי ההוא מעוטא

If the greater part of it is sown [etc.]'. Said R'Huna son of R'Joshua: This applies only [where the area sown was] bigger than two beth se'ah<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Such a large area, not having been fenced round for dwelling purposes, has the status of a karmelith (v. Glos.) while the unsown part has the status of a courtyard whose one complete side is fully open into a karmelith and both sections are consequently forbidden domains for the movement of objects on the Sabbath.');">²⁸</span> but one of two beth se'ah<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Though the sown part is subject to the restrictions of a karpaf and the unsown one to those of a courtyard that fully opens out into a karpaf');">²⁹</span> is permitted.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since both belong to the same owner.');">³⁰</span> In agreement with whose view? Is it in agreement with that of R'Simeon; for we learned: R'Simeon ruled: Roofs, courtyards and karpafs<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Even if they belonged to different owners.');">³¹</span> are equally regarded as one domain in respect of [carrying from one into another] objects that were kept within them when Sabbath began, but not in respect of objects that were in the house when the Sabbath began?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In relation to a house, these are regarded as different domains even if they belong to one man, and any object taken out on Sabbath from the house to the courtyard must not be moved thence to the karpaf or roof (Rashi) .');">³²</span> But [it may be objected] even according to R'Simeon, since the major part of it was sown [with seed] would not the minor part